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Drafting Room Methods 



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Standards and Forms 









CHARLES D. COLUNS 



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PART I 
THE DRAFTING ROOM 

PAGE PAGE 

Location 9 Methods of handling work . 18 

Equipment 9-15 FiUng 31 

Personnel if^-is no^o^oi t^o+>„,^+; — 22 



STANDAR] 

Saftej" Standards — I 
Abbre\iations . . . 
Aeronautical Terms 
Cross Sections . . 
Definitions .... 
Electrical Symbols . 
Lines 




rs 



eaks 



Class \ *d 5 Z / 



Drawing Sizes . . 
Form Sizes . . . 
Application Blanks 

Arrangement of a dr; COpightN:. 

Building Record Boo 

Drawing Record Boo ccexright depose 

Pattern Record Booi 

Print Record Book 



72 
73 

83 
84 
85 
86 
87 



101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 



rA.n i 1 V 
MISCEI-LANEOUS TABLES 



Bolt Stresses . . . . 
Bolts and Nuts . . . 
Bolt Threads . . . . 

Washers 

Weight Steel Bars . . 

Studs 

Pipe Thread — Briggs 



111 
112 
113 
115 
116 
117 
.117-119 



Pipe Sizes 120-122 

Boiler Tubes 123 

Pipe Flanges 124-125 



Pipe Fittings — ^ Flanged 

Key Seats 

Shafting, Horse Power of 
Gages — Plate . . . 
Gages — Wire .... 
Metric Conversion . . 
Weights and Measures 
Decimal Equivalents . 
Areas of Circles . . . 
Reference Books . . 



126-129 

130-131 
132 
133 
135 

136-137 
138 
139 

139-142 
143 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 
STANDARDS AND FORMS 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



STANDARDS AND FORMS 



A REFERENCE BOOK FOR 

ENGINEERING OFFICES 

AND DRAFTSMEN 



BY 



CHARLES D. COLLINS 



M. AM. see. C. E. 



ILLUSTRATED 




NEW YORK 

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 

25 Park Place 

1918 



<^^^ 

^ C' 



COPYRIGHT I918, BY 
D.VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 



JAN -2 i9l9 



THE-PLIMPTON-PKESS 
NOEWOOD-MASS-U-S'A 



CI.A511207 



^Vv^ I 



INTRODUCTION 

It has heretofore generally been the custom for each 
company starting or operating a drafting room, to com- 
pile its own set of Standard Practice Sheets at much 
expense of time and with divers results. 

This book is an attempt to describe methods and illus- 
trate forms which would be generally applicable in 
engineering offices and drafting rooms and combine with 
this the conventional symbols or standards for the differ- 
ent branches of drafting, such as Architectural, Electrical, 
Mechanical, Patent Office, Structural, and Topographical. 

Provision is also made in the index and at the end 
of each part for the inclusion of special information, 
data, instructions, etc., pertaining only to the business 
of each user, and the addition of which information should 
be a convenience and a step toward completeness. 

Parts I and III are intended for those directing a draft- 
ing room, as well as draftsmen. The directions for drafts- 
men and particularly tracers are necessary if uniformity 
of work is to be attained; otherwise each man will do his 
work in his own way and the results will be anything 
but uniform. Part II will be of most value to draftsmen. 
Here it has been endeavored to give as complete a list 
of standard symbols as is now available and which either 
have no traceable parentage or have come into general 
use through the actions of Government Departments, 
Committees of the various Engineering and Manufac- 
turers' Societies, and recommendations of the Engineering 

Pubhcations. To all of these, grateful acknowledgment 

s 



6 INTRODUCTION 

is made for the matter used, as noted on the respective 
standards. Part IV is intended to give some of the 
tables most often referred to by the draftsman without 
entering the field of the engineering handbook. 

The book was first compiled for the engineering di\d- 
sion of a rapidly growing organization engaged in both 
construction and manufacture. A copy was given to 
each engineer, draftsman, and tracer, and the results 
attained in standardization and in the improved oper- 
ation of the division encouraged the hope that it would 
prove as useful in other offices. The copy in the hands 
of the new man, with instructions and an opportunity 
given him to become familiar T\dth it, was also found to 
materially reduce the not inconsiderable expense of in- 
structing and training the new employee. 

C. D. C. 

New York, May 4, 1918 



PART I 

METHODS 

" Method goes far to prevent trouble in business, for it makes the task easy, 
hinders confusion, saves abundance of time, and instructs those who have 
business depending what to do and what to hope." 

— William Penn. 



ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMIONT 

T 
THE DRAFTINC ROOM 

Arrangement. — Many companies give thig less con- 
sideration than any of their other departments in tlie 
matter of location, space per man, ventilation, and lij!;ht. 
Why this is so is a mystery to one who knows the expense 
of running a large drafting room and the difference in 
output under good and adverse conditions. 

The ideal drafting room would be one in a quiet location, 
with freedom from dust, plenty of north light, ventilation 
of the best, and at least sixty square feet of floor space 
per man. Given the proper men, then ventilation and 
hght will be the next two factors affecting output, jind 
any improvement in them will be reflected in the work. 
If artificial light has to be used, it should be indirect, 
with walls and ceiling tinted to prevent glare. 

Equipment. — Following is a list of the principal articles 
of equipment of a drafting room, which have been selected 
only after trial and proven satisfaction. 

Drafting Machine. — ^ This tool is now so well known 
and its utility for detail work so well demonstrated, that 
its purchase is only a question of the kind and volume of 
work to be done. 

Blueprint Machines. — When the advisability of in- 
stalhng a blueprint machine is considered, the govcn-ning 
factors should be the amount and private nature of the 
work, access to a professional blueprinter, and his prices. 

9 



10 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

With the cost of a horizontal machine, complete mth 
washer and drier, around $1000, office room $2 per square 
foot (New York), and an operator at $75 per month, 
it will not be a saving investment, when the monthly 
bills at a printer's would run under $250 if figured at 2i 
per square foot. 

A brief description of the various types of prints, with 
their prices, follows: 

Blueprints, white lines on blue ground on paper 

Minimum charge 05 each 

Charge per sq. ft 02, over 42" .03 

Specifications in lots of 100 02 each 

Small blueprints in lots of one hundred or more . . $3.50 per 100 

Blueprints, white lines on blue ground on cloth 

Minimum charge 15 each 

Charge per sq. ft 07 

In lots of 100 or more $10.00 per 100 

Brown Vandyke Prints, negative and positive on paper 

Minimum charge 15 each 

Charge per sq. ft 08 

On cloth per sq. ft 15 

Minimum charge 25 each 

Blue Line Paper, from negative, blue lines on white ground 

Minimum charge 10 each 

Charge per sq. ft 05 

On cloth per sq. ft 10 

Minimum charge 15 each 

Litho Black Prints, on paper 

Quantity 1 2 3 4 5 or more 

Price 10 9 7 6 5 per sq. ft. 

On cloth 15 12 10 9 8 per sq. ft. 

Blueprint Frame. — A simple and most inexpensive 
^' field office" blueprint frame can be made, for use against 
a single sash window, with a cleated back-board, with 
felt pad glued to it, a wood bar across the center of the 
window, and a wedge. When ready for a print the bot- 
tom of the board rests against the bottom of the sash 



ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMENT 11 

and the upper part leans against the cross-bar. The 
tracing and print paper being dropped in behind the board, 
the latter is pushed up against the glass and the wedge 
dropped in between the back of the board and the cross- 
bar. This apparatus is without doubt twice as fast to 
handle and consequently is only half the work of the 
usual frame and works very well up to about 18" x 24" 
size. Some extra tins are required outside to keep the 
glass from being pushed out if puttied. The board back 
must be perfectly flat to give even contact and should 
have a cross-bar for the wedge to act against. The felt 
should be at least I" thick and glued to the board. 

A small mirror outside the sash will enable inspection 
for color of print without disturbing anything. 

Files. — The most satisfactory files for tracings were 
found to be those with five or six drawers to a section, 
and for prints, those with three or four drawers to a 
section. All drawers should have a board across the top 
at the back, and spring clips at the front corners. (See 
Fig. 1.) 

These files can be obtained with drawers measuring 
26" X 38" inside which will be the correct size for 24" x 
36" drawings and will divide for the smaller sizes as shown 
in Fig. 1. For the largest standard size drawings (30" x 
41") a file can be obtained measuring 32" x 42". 

For the protection of the most valuable drawings or 
tracings from fire or theft, file drawers can now be obtained 
built in light steel safes of a kind approved by the Board 
of Fire Underwriters. Another method is to have a Van 
Dyke print made from each tracing and sent to a deposi- 
tory in a different building. 

Ink Bottles. — The ordinary ink bottle has too small 
a neck for satisfactory use. In dipping a pen in it for 



12 



DRA^FTING ROOM METHODS 



printing, ink is usually smeared on the holder and fin- 
gers. A much better arrangement is to buy bottles 
with larger mouths and corks through which the quills 
from the old bottles can be run. The drawing ink should 
then be bought by the pint and the small bottles filled as 
required. 

Pens. — The most convenient for both ruling pens 
and compasses are the ones that have a spring blade 






<_± 






fv*" >?.x 1 8 Drawings 






For 
UetterSWc 

sk<1cK«s 



K 



-3 8" 



IT 




Fig. 1 

and which do not require resetting after cleaning and 
closing. 

For printing, the ball point pens seem to work the best, 
and faster printing can be done with them. Use the 
ordinary commercial styles for the larger letters, and 
for the lower case type and figures use a finer pen. 

Pencils and Sharpeners. — In drafting rooms where 
the ordinary wood and lead pencils are used, a convenient 
instrument is a rotary sharpener, which makes a long 
taper on the wood part of the pencil and leaves the lead 
unsharpened. The latter is then finished to suit on the 
sandpaper board. 

A very satisfactory arrangement and time saver is 
the double end holder with separate leads, a hard one 



ARRANGEMENT AND EQUIPMENT 13 

being kept in one end and a soft lead in the other. A 
turn of the end then loosens and tightens the lead for 
adjustment and a sandpaper board does all the sharpen- 
ing necessary. 

The sandpaper board is cleaner than a file, because it 
holds the lead on its surface. 

Scales. — The most convenient and quickest to handle 
are the single flat scales with both bevels on one side and 
only one scale to a bevel reading from right to left. This 
for the I and f " scales, and the IJ and 3" scales. 

To the above should be added one open divided scale, 
with inches and 32ds on one side and an open divided 
decimal scale to inches and 50ths on the other side, the 
tenth marks being longer and marked .1 to .9. 

The I and J", J and 1", scales can be made of the 
same style but two scales to a bevel. Except the last, 
these will have to be made to order, but the extra conven- 
ience will repay the slight additional expense. 

A small brass knurled knob screwed into the center of 
each scale will be found very useful for handling it. 

The triangular scale is a nuisance for drafting, but 
convenient for the engineer who does not want a lot of 
single scales around. A spring clip snapped over the top 
side will keep the scale in use where it can be readily 
found. 

For accurate scale mechanical work, such as jigs and 
fixtures, tools and gun parts, the steel scale should be 
used. A sharp and hard pencil point can then be run 
down the proper groove and the layout mark made where 
wanted. 

Tables. — For small and medium size drawings a very 
convenient and satisfactory table, both as to price and 
operation, is found as shown in Fig. 2. An extra table 



Tray 



14 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

without rack and drawer is used alongside the first for 

reference prints. 

If space is hmited the reference table can be lower and 

partly under the drafting table top. Also in emergency 

a second drawing can be started on it if it is not desirable 

at the time to clear the regular board. 

For large drawings, where the floor space and resources 

warrant it, larger and heavier 
tables can be provided, the 
most satisfactory probably 

Sitrt^k. I I being the long, flat table with 

tilting board at the left and 
drawers at the right side. 
Not over two small drawers 
for tools and books and one 
large drawer for drawings are 
advisable. Otherwise, prints 
and drawings which should 

be in the general files will collect in them and cause loss of 

time, and trouble before being found. 

Thumb Tacks. — Small tacks with thin pins and heads 

are the most satisfactory both for ease in removing and 

least damage to the boards. 

T Squares. — Those of hard wood with fixed heads 

and celluloid edges are the best for general use if it is not 

desired to go to the expense of fitting the boards with the 

sliding straight edge kept parallel with cords and pulleys. 

If the latter is used it should have the cords below the top 

of the board and have a wood grip screwed to the center 

for handling it and forming a place for the scale, pencil, 

and rubber. 

Tracing Cloth. — It is advisable to order tracing sheets 

cut to the sizes required and with the border lines, material 




Fig. 2 



ORGANIZATION 15 

list headings, and title forms printed on them. This will 
greatly improve the appearance of the work, and the cost 
will be less than buying cloth by the roll when the saving 
in cloth and time is considered. 



II 
ORGANIZATION 

The drafting force may be divided as required into 
groups or squads for the following classes of work: 

Architectural and 

Structural 

Electrical 

Mechanical 

Topographical 

General and Tracing. 

Each group should be in charge of a designated head, 
through whom all work for that group should be given 
and thereafter followed up. 

The drafting work should be apportioned to give each 
group its special class of drafting whenever possible. 

The head of any group should cooperate with the others 
in the use of his men when requested, and it can be done 
without detriment to his own work. In such cases the 
draftsmen thus temporarily assigned to another group 
will be under the direction of the head of that group 
until the completion of the work. 

Administration. — 
Hours. 

Notification of change of address. 
Notification, or permission for, intended absence. 



16 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Notification of special experience or ability, including 

foreign languages spoken. 
Suggestions welcomed for improvement in apparatus 

or methods. 
Rules as to smoking. Not permitted in some drafting 

rooms owing to interference with the work. 
Overtime. 
Above are a few suggested ^'Heads'' for subjects on 
which no two offices agree, and which are therefore best 
covered by special instructions in each case. 

Men. — A certain Iron Master taught us that success 
in a business mostly depended on the proper selection 
of men and their assignment to the class of work for which 
they were best adapted. 

Nowhere can this be better demonstrated than in the 
conduct of an engineering and drafting force. A careful 
study of characteristics and training will be necessary 
and some trials at different kinds of work may be required 
to place some of the men. But this will be time well 
spent. 

It has been demonstrated in companies which train 
their own men that certain types could not be developed 
into satisfactory draftsmen but made excellent tracers. 
Others who were not successful as designers did very good 
work as estimators. Still others who passed as excellent 
designers, having abihty, boldness, and originahty, were 
very liable to make many small errors and their work in 
consequence required very careful checking. Then a care- 
ful, thorough type who had the quahties to make excel- 
lent checkers were largely found to fail on work requiring 
original designing ability. 

Such changes in the work of men, made with tact and 
judgment and with due analysis of the work as well as 



ORGANIZATION 17 

the men, are bound to result in more and better work 
and a large decrease in the labor turnover. 

The more varied the work, with the consequent larger 
force on which to work, the greater the proportionate 
results to be attained. 

Men — Qualifications. — The five chief qualities a drafts- 
man should cultivate are: accuracy, technique, speed, 
economy, and neatness. 

Accuracy is the greatest of these. A mistake should 
be considered as a reflection on character, and an effort 
should be made to get in the habit of doing accurate 
work. 

Technique should be studied thoroughly, as without it 
work appears amateurish and invites lack of confidence. 

Speed in drafting is the result of mental processes as 
well as manual dexterity. It naturally follows quick 
thought when the subject is understood and technique 
is at command. 

Economy. Speed will cover about half of this quali- 
fication. The other half is to be attained by close atten- 
tion to what details, dimensions, and shading are essential 
and what are not. 

Neatness is placed last from an efficiency standpoint 
when weighed with the other qualities. It should be 
developed into a habit, and will usually be noted in the 
work of men possessing the other qualities. 

Men — Output. — With the great increase in rents, sala- 
ries, and equipment, a drafting room is now a more ex- 
pensive part of an organization than ever before. Every 
draftsman should realize this, and that his output is given 
keener scrutiny than ever, and even weighed against the 
rental value of the space occupied. He should therefore 
try to save his employer what time he can on his work, 



18 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

for the man who turns out the most of satisfactory work 
is the one who is kept on during slack times. 

It is a conservative estimate to place at 20% the time 
that could be saved on the average draftsman's work by 
a stricter attention to the omission of nonessential detail, 
shading, and dimensions, and in many places the substi- 
tution of a note for a detail, particularly in calhng for 
standard equipment. 

Perception of what is essential and what not should be 
developed, so that the work turned out will be a me- 
chanical drawing and not a "picture." 

The ability to do this is particularly valuable as a 
time saver in the early stages of a drawing, before the 
design is approved, as any unnecessary work done up to 
this approval is frequently wasted if the design is changed. 

Work is often seen which at first glance appears to be 
all that could be desired, but closer inspection reveals 
a lack of essential mechanical information necessary for 
the manufacture of the matter shown. This lack is 
covered up by nonessential information, shading, useless 
dimensions and detail of standard fittings, such as bolts, 
nuts, valves, etc., and makes of the drawing what is 
termed in factory drafting rooms a '^pretty picture." 

These remarks do not apply to drawings for illustration, 
advertising matter, or Patent Office work, where the 
pictorial effect is desired. 

Ill 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS 

General Directions. — Two important rules should be 
kept in mind to insure satisfactory work in the drafting 
room: 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 19 

First. — Arrange and perform the work in the order of 
its importance. 

Second. — Do not start new work until the completion 
of old, unless the latter is held up for information or 
some other very good reason. 

Work Orders. — xAuthorizations for drawing work should 
be issued by the chief draftsman on special forms, such 
as shown in Part III, and which shall give name of 
part or section of plant for which the work is intended, 
location, character of work, for whom intended, date, 
account or charge number, directions for and disposal 
of the completed work. 

Copies of authorizations to the number required for 
office routine will be made, the usual distribution being 
to estimating department, engineer, chief draftsman, 
and draftsman. 

The draftsman's copy has on reverse side a space in 
which to add directions as to titles, drawing numbers, and 
space for draftsman's time for cost account. The drafts- 
man's copy follows the drawing throughout and is re- 
turned with completed drawings to chief draftsman for 
record and file. After completion of work any of the other 
copies may be destroyed as desired, their purpose being 
to assist in following up the work. 

Much time is wasted and heavy drafting expense in- 
curred when important proposed work is not first sketched 
out and discussed before any drafting is done. Some 
offices even make it a practice not to discuss such work 
until the tracings are finished; not reahzing the time and 
money lost in making the changes which invariably follow 
this method, and the loss of interest and initiative on the 
part of the draftsman who has his supposedly completed 
work changed again and again. 



20 DR.1FTIXG ROO^vI ^lETHODS 

At these discussions the endeavor should be made 
to get the source of information as close to the drawing 
board as possible, to avoid loss of value in transmitted 
information. Granting the information has come to 
the Chief or Squad Draftsman in good form for, let us 
say, an article to be manufactured, he is expected to 
make the drawing with due regard to all operations 
which follow, such as, tool making, pattern making, 
foundry work, machining, assembling, and, last but not 
least, selhng. As few men are familiar T\ith all these 
processes, prehminary sketches or prints and discussions 
should touch all these departments with a view to ob- 
taining the best information relative to economical and 
rapid progress of the work through each. 

With proper organization and handling, this can be 
done without friction and the results in the final product 
should justify the initial trouble and expense. 

With sufficient new work it is ad^dsable to have a man 
or men assigned to this class of preliminary work, pre- 
paring pencil sketches for discussion and approval of 
those in authority, before any real drafting work is at- 
tempted. Re^dsed sketches should then be issued with 
the work authorizations and be filed with them when 
the drawings are completed. 

Starting a Drawing. — Return to the proper source all 
work orders, dra^-ings, reference prints, and data re- 
lating to the last completed job. 

Write in pencil, on the lower right-hand edge of the 
paper, the name of the dra\\dng, plant, order number of 
the work, and your initials. 

Keep the work one and one half inches from the left 
edge of the paper or cloth, to leave room for binding of 
prints. 






GENERAL DIRECTIONS 21 

Do not crowd the views or parts shown. Leave space 
on detail sheets near title, for additions and revisions. 

Scale. — The scale to which a drawing should be made 
is the one just large enough to show clearly the parts 
wanted, and to accommodate without crowding the 
dimensions and notes. 

Use I'', I", IJ", 3", and full-size scales for mechanical 
work. 

Use I", i", I'', and 1" scales for architectural work. 

Where more than one scale is used on the same drawing, 
give the scale under each part as well as in the title box. 

Arrangement. — In general, draw plan at the left side 
of the sheet, with front elevation below and end elevation 
to the right. 

Avoid unnecessary ornamental and shading work that 
will increase the drafting time and cost. 

When more than one sheet is required for a piece of 
work, if practicable keep the sheets of uniform size. 

When details call for several classes of materials which 
would be supplied by different companies, group the 
parts to be made of like material, and show each group 
on a separate sheet or sheets. 

Do not crowd the work. If detailing several small 
parts on one sheet, use a drawing sheet large enough to 
leave room for the addition of two or three more parts 
and for revisions. Draw details in their natural position 
and to the same ^'hand" as seen in the assembly drawing. 

Dimensions. — Give length and breadth dimensions on 
the plan, and dimensions of height or depth on one of the 
elevations only. 

Do not repeat dimensions on the different elevations 
or projections. 

Give over-all dimensions. 



22 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Give dimensions in inches up to 72'', after that in feet 
and inches. 

Center hnes are often only imaginary lines, and for 
that reason, on mechanical work, it is better to work 
from a finished edge or surface. 

Use thin broken lines for dimension Hnes and do not 
place them near construction lines. 

Do not cross dimension and construction lines when it 
can be avoided. 

Make notes about dimensions, above the construction 
lines rather than below. 

Make notes and figures to read from not more than 
two directions; namely, bottom and right side of drawing. 

Make notes and figures read from the same direction 
that the drawing reads to which the notes and figures 
apply. 

Keep notes outside the objects drawn and use a light 
pointing line to the part to which reference is made. 

Group the notes referring to the same detail. 

Do not write notes across dimension or construction 
lines. 

Be consistent and follow the same system of making 
notes and dimensions throughout the work. 

Figures. — Make fractions with a horizontal dividing 
line, thus: i, not 1/2. 

Use single-stroke inclined figures. 

Make whole numbers about -^" to i" high. 

Make fractions with each figure about ^" to A" high. 

Make numbers of drawings about -fe" high. 

On pencil work for preliminary prints, be sure that 
the figures are made dark enough to print well. 

Lettering. — Few things add so much to the appearance 
of a drawing as well-lettered notes and figures properly 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 23 

placed. The art of making good letters and figures re- 
quires some study as well as practice, for the picture of 
a perfect letter or figure must exist in the mind before it 
can be made with the hand. The first step, then, is to 
memorize the appearance of a perfectly formed alphabet 
and set of figures, of the style to be used, and then practice 
the strokes necessary to make them. Single straight 
strokes should be tried first, then the o, c, and s, which 
will cover most of the strokes also required for the figures. 

The most common faults to be guarded against are too 
much space between the letters of a word and not enough 
space between the words. 

A fine but stiff pen will be found the most satisfactory 
for small lettering and figures, and a ball point pen for 
the larger sizes, titles, etc. 

The use of single-stroke inclined Italic letters g^" to ^'^ 
high for capitals, and -f^" to -^" for small letters, is recom- 
mended for appearance, ease, and rapidity of execution. 

The style of letter in the first example below, called 
the Italic, is the simplest and quickest to make, as it 
requires the least number of strokes. When a straight 
line will do, it is used and an entire absence of extra 
curves and curls is aimed at. To avoid blurring where 
lines meet at a point, both strokes should be drawn 
toward the point whenever possible, and, for speed, a pen 
so fine that it sticks in the paper should not be used. It 
is better to use a slightly coarser pen and make the letters 
a trifle larger. 

The second example, of the same general type of letter 
but made in a vertical position and with a heavier line, 
is called the Gothic alphabet and is gaining in favor. It is 
harder to make after using the Italic, but practice with the 
work squarely in front of one, and both eyes focusing at 



24 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

the same angle, will overcome the trouble. This type 
looks better in the titles and can be well executed by 
using a piece of cross-section paper under the tracing cloth. 

The above applies to working drawings for manufactur- 
ing and construction purposes. Drawings for illustration 
and advertising matter are in a different class and there 
more elaborate letters are frequently desired and used. 

The third example is an adaptation of the Roman 
alphabet used by architects. Several modifications are 
seen and like the other alphabets they are made in both 
compressed and extended form, the underlying idea 
seeming to be equal blank spaces between the lines com- 
posing the letters, thus producing a pleasing uniform 
effect rather than extreme legibility. The round letters, 
such as 0, c, and s are inclined to the right or left to suit the 
space, and when two o's come together they are interlocked. 

These three examples may be said to cover present 
requirements and all should be made freehand, as the 
day of the drawn letter has passed. 

ABCDEFGH/JKLMNO 
PQRS TU V WX YZ !?::.-; 
1234567890 

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS TUVW 

XYZ!?;:.-: 

1234567890 

abcdefghijklmnopqrsfuvw xy z, & 
1 234567890, ii.iiiiim 

Example 1 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 25 

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ 

RSTU\/WXYZ&$.-^:! 

1234567890 

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 
1234567890&$ 

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890 

Example 2 



ABGDEFGHIJKLMNO 
PaRSTUVWXYZ, 8c 
1E34567890. 

ABGDEreHlJKL/nNOPQRSryVVXYZ 
1234567590 

abcdef^KijKlTn'n.opqrst uvuixy 7 . 
1234567830. 

Example 3 



26 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Naming of Parts and Drawings. — It is very important 
that care be given to this matter as noted under fihng, 
and general instructions issued covering this subject. 
Otherwise different names will creep into use for the same 
object and much confusion will result in getting prints 
out of the files, in discussion, and ordering of material. 

Titles. — Name of the drawn parts should be the most 
prominent, company's name next, and data last. Whether 
the company's name or the subject-matter should be 
first is an open question; probably most engineers w^ould 
say that to give the subject the most prominence would 
require it to be put at the top of the title frame, but this 
splits the information to be filled in, by insertion of the 
company's name at this place. 

If the latter is kept in sufficiently small type, the name 
of the subject-matter can still be given prominence if it 
does come second, and this seems to make a better-looking 
title as a whole. When titles, borders, and material 
list headings are printed on the drafting sheets and the 
practice is made of cleaning tracings with benzine, the 
printing should be specified to be done with ink, which 
will not be affected by such cleaning. 

It is important that care be given to the assignment 
of all drawing titles, as on them will depend the success 
of the alphabetical index. Titles, therefore, should be 
assigned by one person only. 

For ready reference to any drawing by this system and 
a card index, the following rules should be observed: 

First, Divide the title into three lines or parts, X, Y, 
Z, as follows: 

X, Name of the part drawn. Name of part or 
machine to which it belongs. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 27 

Y, Name of section, subdivision, or group to which 

it belongs. 
Z, Name of plant or location in which it belongs. 

Second, Make the first word of each part of the title 
the true name of the object drawn, machine, section, or 
plant, as the case may be. 

Third, Index by the name word of each section of the 
title. Never index by the adjective. 

Example: Assume a company operating three plants, 
known, we will say, as '^ Albany," '^Buffalo," and ^' Roches- 
ter" plants. Each consists of X factories known as ^'A," 
^'B," and ^^C," etc. Part to be indexed being '' cylinder 
head of 6" x 8" blower engine" in ^'C" factory of ''Buffalo" 
plant. Proceed to divide and assign the title in three 
parts, which, under the rules given, will read: 

First line — cylinder head — blower engine — 6"x8" 
Second " — c factory 
Third '' — buffalo plant 

It will be noted that the first word of each part of the 
title is the true name of the part, section, or plant, as the 
case may be, and this fulfills the conditions for successful 
indexing by the alphabetical method. 

The drawing number will then be found in the card 
index, under division ''Buffalo Plant," subdivision, "C 
Factory," and cross-indexed in this subdivision under 
"C" for cylinder head, and "B" for blower engine. 
See index card forms. 

To insure correct titles and proper indexing, the person 
assigning titles should write them on the reverse side of 
the original work-order forms, in the space provided for 
the purpose, and at the time the drawing numbers are 



28 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

assigned. Draftsmen will then copy those titles on the 
drawings without change. 

Tracing. — Tracings are to be made on the rough side 
of the cloth. Start at the top of the sheet and keep the 
work about 1|'' from the left-hand edge, to allow for bind- 
ing the prints in sets. 

Trace center lines, curves, vertical, and horizontal 
lines in the order given. If cloth from the roll is used, 
trace border lines and titles last. A little ingenuity in 
doing the work will obviate the necessity of waiting for 
the ink to dry. 

Keep pens properly ground; not sharp enough to cut, 
but thin enough to make the ink flow properly. Lines 
made with a single stroke save time. 

Erasures are to be made with rubber only. Sand 
rubbers are not to be used. 

The parts of the object that lie nearest the observer 
should be traced first and with the heaviest lines. This 
brings out the object and makes the drawing easier to 
read. The dotted lines, showing the invisible parts, will 
then be traced and confusion of these lines avoided. 

When curves run into straight Hues, the former are 
inked first, as it is then easy to make an exact meeting 
with the ruhng pen. Outside of lettering, nothing be- 
trays the novice so quickly as poorly executed tangent 
lines. 

When the practice is made of keeping pencil drawings 
after they have been traced, the tracer should write his 
initials, date traced, and drawing number in the right- 
hand lower corner of such drawings. 

Signatures. — Every finished drawing or tracing is to 
be signed with the initials of the draftsman, tracer, and 
checker who has worked on it. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 29 

Every drawing is to be signed '^Approved" by the 
chief engineer, or whoever is sponsor for that drawing. 

For estimating purposes on rush work only, prehminary 
prints may be issued before drawings are checked or ap- 
proved. In that event all such prints should be stamped 
''preliminary," and one kept for record as noted under 
''record prints." 

Calculations. — On design work calculations will be 
made in a book provided for that purpose on application 
to the file clerk. 

Commence each note or calculation with date, name 
of drawing, and separate by a line notes relating to differ- 
ent drawings. 

Make calculations and notes in a neat and legible man- 
ner and so marked as to be readily understood by others. 

Catalogues. — Necessary catalogues can be applied for 
through the file clerk, who will obtain them as required 
and file and index them under manufacturers' names and 
names of articles. This file should be kept up to date 
with new issues of catalogues as they appear. 

A receipt card should be signed when catalogues are 
taken from the files, and they are to be returned promptly 
to the files after serving their purpose. 

Checking Prints. — All drawings shall be checked by 
checkers or squad foremen. For this purpose a check 
print shall be made when the drawing warrants it. 

Correct matter shall be marked with yellow crayon 
and corrections with red crayon. After corrections have 
been made, the check prints are to be delivered to the 
file clerk for filing with the record prints. 

Check prints are not to be taken from the drafting room, 
and receipt cards must be signed when they are taken from 
the files. 



30 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Compass Direction. — Maps and plant arrangement 
sheets of the same plant are to be made uniform as to 
compass direction. If not otherwise required, North will 
be toward the top of the sheet. 

Show True North by a solid or full arrow head with an 
E. & W. line. 

Show Magnetic North by a half arrow head on that side 
of the line toward the declination. 

Field Drawings. — Field drawings should be made to 
these standards and should bear the date made and the 
approval of the resident engineer. 

Title and number space should be left for filling in at 
the main office. Local title and number should appear 
over the regular title box, with name of plant and section 
or purpose for which the article is used. 

Three prints or one original tracing of all field drawings 
that show any part of the plant or apparatus that has 
been built, or is to be built, should be noted accordingly 
and sent to the engineering division at the main office 
for filing. 

It is important that field drawings be made to the 
sizes given, as the main office files are made and fitted 
for these sizes. 

Field offices will see that their old prints are destroyed 
as soon as possible after receipt of revised prints. Use- 
less work and expense will be avoided by careful attention 
to this matter. 

Fit Dimensions. — In specifying fits on mechanical 
drawings, give Hmits expressed as plus or minus after the 
dimension figures. 

Example: 1.785 ± .001 
For fit allowances, see machinists' handbooks. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 31 

Filing. — A file clerk should be in charge of the files and 
the recording of incoming and outgoing drawings, prints, 
and catalogues. He should see that titles and numbers 
are properly entered in his record book and on the index 
cards. 

All drawings should be cross-indexed as to plant, division 
or section, and name of part shown. 

The record book should show, in remarks column, 
the numbers of superseded and superseding drawings, 
also about cancellations of drawings with dates. 

Drawings will be indexed and filed under the following 
classifications, indicated by the first or series number^ 
followed by the size letter and serial number: 

l-B-1278 would indicate drawings made at the 
main office. 

2-B-etc. would indicate drawings made at branch 
offices, or in the field. 

3-B-etc. would indicate miscellaneous foreign draw- 
ings of apparatus in use. 

4-B-etc. would indicate miscellaneous foreign draw- 
ings of apparatus filed for reference only. 

Series numbers to be continued as required. Serial 
numbers start with 1 for each series, as missing drawings 
are thus most easily detected. 

The letter following the first number indicates the 
size of drawing, as follows: 



A," 8|'' X 11", sketch or data size. 
B," 12'' X 18". 
C," 18'^ X 24". 
D," 24" X 36". 
E," 30" X 41". 



32 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

The number following the letter is the serial number 
and indicates the position of the drawing in the file. 

File drawers will be marked with the series name and 
number, size letter, and range of serial numbers of the 
drawings they contain. 

Tracings, record prints, sets of prints, and the classi- 
fied prints will be kept in separate files. 

Sets are to be kept up to date with the latest revised 
prints. 

Drawings, tracings, and prints taken from the files are 
to be returned promptly after being used. Receipt cards 
should be signed for tracings taken from the files, and 
for drawings and prints according to their importance. 

When the fifing system is to be decided upon, con- 
sideration should be given to the rate of growth and ulti- 
mate number of drawings that will be filed. If a few 
thousand will be the limit, the alphabetical and numerical 
system described will be satisfactory if the rules for titling 
and indexing are observed. Should it be decided, however, 
to provide for many thousands or an unlimited number 
of drawings, tracings, and prints, then one of the decimal 
systems should be adopted. 

In the former case all the dramngs of one size would 
be numbered consecutively and filed numerically — a 
missing drawing being instantly detected; or, the number 
being had, it will readily be found in its numerical position. 
Also, new files will only have to be purchased when files 
already on hand are completely filled. 

In the decimal system all the drawings of one clas?, 
or order, or contract are brought together under one 
preliminary number and subdivided by following numbers 
separated by dashes, or letters having special significance 
for subdivision. This system has the advantage of bring- 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 33 

ing all the drawings of one group together, although pos- 
sibly of varying sizes, and it has the disadvantage of 
difficulty of detecting missing drawings, and the greater 
amount of file and floor space required, as there will be 
more drawers in process of being filled than with the first 
system. 

Transmitting Prints. — A letter of transmittal must 
accompany the first issue of all prints and all subsequent 
issues of revised prints. 

To avoid confusion in filing, a separate letter should 
be written for each general subject. 

In all letters of transmittal, state: 

1, Number of prints transmitted; 

2, Numbers of the prints; 

3, Date of last revision; 

4, Title; 

5, Name of plant; 

6, Instructions covering the disposition of, and pur- 

pose for which the prints are issued (if revisions, 
instructions should cover the destruction or 
return of obsolete prints); 

7, Information relative to features of construction, 

ordering of material, etc. 

Material Lists. — On mechanical work it is customary 
to put the short material lists, or parts lists, on the as- 
sembly drawings, and the long lists on a separate sheet 
with a drawing number. 

On architectural work it is better to make the material 
lists on special letter-size sheets of thin paper, which 
may be typed with a reversed carbon sheet at the back. 
Very good blueprints to the number required may then 
be made from these typed sheets. Such material lists 



34 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

will bear the same number as the authorization or order 
for the work, and will be filed under this number, in a 
vertical letter file reserved for material Hsts and speci- 
fications. The same order number appearing on the 
drawing will then serve to bring all parts of the work to- 
gether. A form for such material lists is given. 

Specifications. — It is recommended that specifications 
be typed on thin letter-size paper, with a reversed carbon 
sheet at the back, and blueprints made from these sheets 
as with material lists. Such specifications will also bear 
the authorization or order number of the work, and be 
filed with the material lists. The order number on the 
drawing will then bring all parts of the work together. 
A form for such specifications is given. 

It is possible to get a lower price for blueprinting these 
small sheets by having several of them printed on a 
larger sheet and then cutting up such sheets in your own 
office. 

Old Drawings and Prints. — Do not let old drawings 
and prints accumulate on the reference boards. Return 
them promptly to the files after using or to the squad 
foreman for destruction, as the case may require. 

Parts Lists and Details. — Give names under the re- 
spective parts drawn, with kind of material, finish, and 
number required for one unit below it. 

When a material list with part numbers is used, place 
the part number in sl -fe" diameter circle above the 
name of the part, and give the material and number 
required in the material list only. The descriptive matter 
under the part will then consist of part number, name, 
and finish, only. 

When details cover more than one sheet, part numbers 
should run through the several sheets, allowing at least 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 35 

ten blank numbers to a sheet before starting to number 
the parts on the next sheet. 

Patterns. — Make the following notes on all drawings 
requiring pattern work: 

Under each casting drawn, note that pattern is to be 
marked with the company's initials placed over the draw- 
ing and part number. The drawing and part number thus 
combined will constitute the pattern number. 

A. B. C. Co. 

Example : Mark Pattern 

l-C-9990 

On each drawing requiring pattern work make the 

following note: 

^'Use metal letters and figures on patterns to mark 

castings. "^ 

'^Mark the company's initials and pattern number 

on each piece of a pattern and core box." 

All orders placed for material including castings should 
have clearly stated on them whether or not the patterns 
are to become the property of the purchasing company. 
If so, the grade of pattern work should be covered, and a 
clause inserted specifying that the patterns and designs 
are to be for the exclusive use of the purchasers. Dis- 
positioA of the completed patterns should be covered, 
also the matter of insurance or responsibility if they 
are to be left on storage. 

Pattern Record Book. — A book for this purpose should 
be kept by the department having charge of making pur- 
chases or ordering material from the drawings, and this 
book should be kept up by having entered in it all pur- 
chases or transfers of patterns. This work is anticipated 
on the drawings by having a pattern number assigned to 
every casting called for. 

A form is given for a pattern record book, the left-hand 



36 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

page of which is for the pattern record and the right- 
hand page for the transfer record. 

It is important that this book be kept up to date, for, 
if allowed to fall behind, it will be found very hard to 
bring it up and trace and locate old patterns. 

Preliminary Prints. — When prints are sent out before 
being checked or approved, they should in all cases be 
marked ^^Preliminary," and the usual charge should be 
made in the record book. j 

Tracings from which preliminary prints have been made 
should be returned to the squad foreman for completion. 
They must not be filed unless so directed by him. 

Record Prints. — A record print shall be kept of the 
first printing from every tracing and from each subse- 
quent revision. Every such print shall be stamped 
'^Record Print," followed by date and number: 1, 2, or 
3, etc., in the order of printing. 

Record prints will be kept in a separate file, and are 
not to be taken from the drafting room. A receipt card 
should be signed when they are taken from the files for 
use in the drafting room. 

References. — All tracings should bear, in space for 
that purpose, references to name and number of related 
drawings, such as details to assemblies, and assemblies to 
general arrangement drawings. Where there are no as- 
sembly drawings, reference should then be made from 
details to the general arrangement drawings. The 
arrangement drawings should bear the numbers of all 
their assembly or detail drawings. 

Revisions. — Revisions to drawings will only be made 
with the approval of the chief engineer's office, and an 
order should be issued similar to that for new work. Each 
revision should be marked with a letter in the body of 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 37 

the drawing, also noted in the space provided for the pur- 
pose near the title. This note should consist of the mark 
letter, , date, and brief description of the revision, followed 
by draftsman's and checker's initials. 

Old prints of revised drawings (except record and 
check prints) shall be destroyed by the file clerk. In 
order that he may do this, a copy of all orders for revisions 
should be given him. 

All prints from revised tracings should be stamped 
above the title ^ Prevised print." 

Void Drawings. — Tracings will only be made void 
with the approval of the chief engineer's office, and an 
order should be issued as for new work and revisions. 
This order should state from what date the tracing is 
void, give the name or number of the superseding draw- 
ing or tracing, if any, and state to whom new prints should 
be sent. Tracings made void as above will be stamped 
with the ^Void" stamp, dated and initialed by the chief 
draftsman, and have the number of the superseding draw- 
ing noted on them. 

A copy of all orders for making drawings or tracings 
void should be given to the file clerk, so that he may 
destroy the extra prints in the file. 

Copyright.^ — Drawings can be copyrighted by applica- 
tion to the Registrar of Copyright, Washington, D. C, for 
blanks, and putting the proper marks on drawings. These 
are a ^'C" in a circle, with initials and date, if full name ap- 
pears elsewhere on the sheet ; otherwise, the full name under 
the circle with the (C), and the date. A copy of the 
drawing, photo, or print so marked should then be sent,, 
with the blank properly filled out and an enclosure of one 
dollar to the Registrar of Copyrights, Washington, D. C. 

1 See the following page for drawings qualified for copyright. 



38 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

COPYRIGHT NOTICE 

Extract from the Act of March 4, 1909, respecting the 

Copyright Notice 

Sec. 18. That the notice of copyright required by sec- 
tion nine of this Act shall consist either of the word ' Copy- 
right' or the abbreviation ^Copr./ accompanied by the name 
of the copyright proprietor, and if the work be a printed 
literary, musical, or dramatic work, the notice shall include 
also the year in which the copyright was secured by pubh- 
cation. In the case, however, of copies of works specified 
in subsections (f) to (k), inclusive, of section five of this 
Act, the notice may consist of the letter c inclosed with a 
circle thus: © accompanied by the initials, monogram, 
mark, or symbol of the copyright proprietor: Provided, 
That on some accessible portion of such copies or of the 
margin back, permanent base, or pedestal, or of the sub- 
stance on which such copies shall be mounted, his name 
shall appear. But in the case of works in which copyright 
is subsisting when this Act shall go into effect, the notice 
of copyright may be either in one of the forms prescribed 
herein or in one of those prescribed by the Act of June 
eighteenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-four." 

APPLICATION FORMS 

Maps. — For a published map, ask for Application 
Form "FJ' 

Works of Art. — For a work of art (painting, drawing, 
or sculpture) ; or for model or design for a work of art, 
ask for AppHcation Form ''G." 

Drawing or Plastic Work. — For a published drawing 
or plastic work of a scientific or technical character, ask 
for Application Form '^I 1." 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS 39 

For an unpublished drawing or plastic work of a scien- 
tific or technical character, ask for Application Form '^ I 2.'^ 

Photographs. — For a photograph published for sale, 
ask for Application Form '^J 1." 

For a photograph of which copies are not reproduced 
for sale, ask for Application Form ''J 2." 

Fees. — The statutory fee for registration of any work, 
except a photograph, is one dollar, including a certificate 
of registration under seal. In the case of a photograph, 
if a certificate is not demanded the fee is fifty cents. In 
the case of several volumes of the same hook deposited at 
the same time, only one registration at one fee is required. 

Technical Journals. — Subscriptions should be made to 
the technical paper or papers best covering the work in 
hand. 

These should be faithfully read, and such items or 
articles as apply should be preserved for future reference. 

The following method can be recommended if the entire 
issue is not preserved: Bend up the staples in the back 
of book and remove the full pages that contain the matter 
of interest. These are to be punched and bound in a 
loose-leaf binder held together with brass fasteners. 
Shun the antiquated type that is sewed together, for new 
matter may be added every week or two. The weekly 
indexes should be bound in, with the articles in question 
checked on them. If the periodical publishes a semi- 
annual index, it should be included. 

This practice will give one a valuable reference book for 
his chosen line of work and the pages so bound will not 
be as bulky or troublesome to keep as the complete files. 

The few articles later wanted and which were not kept 
can be located as to issue by the index and consulted at 
a library. 



40 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

After removing pages as described, the balance of the 
journal can be restored, the staples bent down again, and 
the paper put to any other use desired. 

Diary and Notebook. — Notes and memoranda should 
be made in such a manner, with name, date, and descrip- 
tion, that they mean something and are not merely ''scraps 
of paper," which, if picked up a day or two later, are 
Greek even to the man who made them. 

If the information is worthy of preservation, it should 
be made on a loose-leaf sheet for insertion in an indexed 
book and it will be surprising how soon such a book will 
become valuable. A diary should go with this book and 
a distinction made between notes of temporary and per- 
manent value; the former going into the diary with infor- 
mation relative to changes in work or position, date of 
trips and particulars, names of men met, etc. The same 
size for the diary as for the notebook should be adopted 
and this not too small. Also, the same kind of diary 
should be used from year to year. A few sheets from the 
notebook can be shpped in the diary to save carrying 
both books. These sheets, when filled out, can be filed 
in the alphabetical notebook when convenient. What 
has been said of the indexing for drawings will also apply 
to this matter. 



PART II 

STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS 

SAFETY STANDARDS PATENT OFFICE SYMBOLS 

ABBREVIATIONS PIPE FITTING SYMBOLS 

AERONAUTICAL TERMS RIVET SYMBOLS 

CROSS SECTIONS STRUCTURAL MATERIALS — BREAKS 

DEFINITIONS THREAD AND TAPPED HOLES 

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS 

LINES 



41 



SAFETY STANDARDS 

Safety Standards. — Drawings and specifications for 
machinery or apparatus of any nature should cover the 
guarding of dangerous features such as gear, chain, or 
belt drives and around moving parts generally. Also, the 
guarding of high voltage electrical connections, etc. 

Drawings and specifications for buildings should hke- 
wise cover the protection of all openings, elevated ways, 
stairs, ladders, or runways, with suitable raihngs, etc. 

Most of the states have regulations covering these 
matters and copies of them can be obtained by appli- 
cation to the various Industrial Boards. Much valuable 
information on this subject can also be obtained from 
the pubhcations of the Casualty Companies, notably 
the Fidehty and Casualty Company of New York and 
the Casualty Company of Maryland. 

A lasting impression of the importance of this matter 
can best be obtained by a perusal of the workmen's com- 
pensation laws. 

Text of these may be seen in Report of Bureau of Labor 
Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, or for quick refer- 
ence see The World Almanac. 



43 



ABBREVIATIONS 



A Area 

A. C Alternating Current 

App Approximate 

Amp Ampere 

B Bore 

B. M Bench Mark 

Br Brass 

Bz Bronze 

C Core 

C. C Center to Center 

C. I Cast Iron 

C. L Center Line 

C. P Candle Power 

C. S Cast Steel 

Csk Countersunk 

D Diameter 

D. C Direct Current 

Dr Dressed 

E. H Extra Heavy 

E. M. F. . .Electro Motive Force 

f Finish 

F. &D. .. Faced & Drilled 
F. to F Face to Face 

F. H Flat Head 

Fils. Hd.. .Fillister Head 
F. P. M. . . Feet per Minute 
F.S Forged Steel 

F. W FuU Weight (Pipe) 

G Grind 

G. & P.... Grind & Polish 



H. I Height of Instrimient 

H Harden 

H, & G. . .Harden & Grind 

H. G. & P. Harden, Grind & Pohsh 

Hem Hemlock 

Hor Horizontal 

HP Horse Power 

I I-Beam 

I. D Inside Diameter 

LP Iron Pipe 

I. P. T. . . .Iron Pipe Thread 

kg Kilogramme 

km Kilometer 

K. W Kilowatt. Keyway 

K. S Keyseat 

L Angle — Length 

L. H Left Hand 

Max Maximum 

Min Minimum 

Mai Malleable 

M. I Malleable Iron 

Mang Manganese 

M. S Machine Steel 

mm Millimeter 

M. &F.... Male & Female 

N. S Nickel Steel 

O. D Outside Diameter 

0. H Open Hearth 

0. H. S.. . .Open Hearth Steel 



44 



P Polish 

PI Plate 

P. C Point of Curvature 

P. T Point of Tangency 

P Rough 

Peq Required 

P. H Right Hand 

R. &L.... Right & Left 

Rev Revolutions 

RPM Rev. per Minute 

Sp Spruce 

S. 4S Surface 4 Sides 

iStd Standard 



ABBREVIATIONS 

S.S Set Screwed 



45 



T. & G. . . .Tongued & Grooved 
T. P. I. . . .Threads per Inch 

V Volt 

Vert Vertical 

W. G Wire Gauge 

W. I Wrought Iron 

W. S Wrought Steel 

X. H Extra Heavy 

XXH Double Extra Heavy 

Y. P YeUow Pine 



SPELLING AND ABBREVIATIONS OF UNITS 

Units of Weight and Measure from Circular No. J^7 , United States 
Bureau of Standards 

"The spelling of the names of units adopted by the 
National Bureau of Standards is that given in the list 
below. The spelling of the metric units is in accordance 
with that given in the law of July 28, 1866, legahzing the 
metric system in the United States. 

"Following the names of each unit in the hst below is 
given the abbreviation which the Bureau has adopted. 
Attention is particularly called to the following principles: 

"l. The period is omitted after the abbreviations of 
the metric units, while it is used after those of the cus- 
tomary system. 

"2. The exponents '^' and '^' are used to signify 
area and volume, • respectively, in the case of the metric 
units, instead of the longer prefixes, 'sq.' or 'cu.' In 
conformity with this principle the abbreviation for cubic 
centimeter is 'cm^,' instead of 'c. c' or ^c. cm.' The 



46 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

term ^ cubic centimeter' as used in chemical work is, 
in fact, a misnomer, since the unit actually used is the 
•milliliter/ which has a slightly larger volume. 

^^3. The use of the same abbreviation for both singular 
and plural is recommended. This practice is already 
established in expressing metric units and is in accordance 
with the spirit and chief purpose of abbreviations. 

"4:. It is also suggested that, unless all the text is 
printed in capital letters, only small letters be used for 
abbreviations except in the case of A. for acre, where 
the use of the capital letter is general." 



ABBREVIATIONS 



47 



> 



> ' 

O 






P^ o 



cr a^ cr a 

02 "TS T5 02 4h 



a« 






!ri4Ca2Cla202a2-f^-^'-+jf>^ 



o3 












CI 



• I— I 

o 

CI. 



CD q; 
C! G o 



_bC 



02 „ 

QJ 02 

o o g 

c3 c3 -(-2 









.a.§ C3 



O 

o 



a; 



"^ '^ tS xS ,o 
, G fi fl d t; 

_ . , I 3 ^ 13 :; 03-Tj 
3 3 o o.a o o o o 1:3 5 



r-(CS^o3o3c3c3(^c3^^^cSc3Sw 

OJ 02 02 02 CC 02 02 02 02 — """■"" "" 






o3 



02a2a2a202+J+^-»-s>^ 






^4^ 



.. *. ^ c3 i: eS bC— , a -G ^ cH bC^ a . CT _, 

qzi ^ qi; qG «;::; tc bc tc,^ rG ^ ^ ^ o.Sriiir^r^^;^;^^ S 



c3 +:5 , 






-+^ :L 





JftO 


O 


O 


bc^ a =^.a • 
a a a a a o 


o3 
O 






^02 

'o 

P. 

s s J 



4J 

bC 



b£ 



O 



<^ 



bb-^ a 2 2 

o o 



a ^^ 

C^ <I> 0) 



-^ w. ., oooo bX)C'g_g o o^ G ^-j^ 
p^ riii ^ ;j::; ;^ ;i3 S 






03 
a 

-+^ 
o 
P. 



-^3 -^3 tS 4:; yH ^ bij bC bC^XJ^^^-G.S 



a.a 
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NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 

REPORT NO. 9 

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 

Introduction 

For the information of those interested in aeronautics 
the following nomenclature has been prepared as a guide, 
with a view to eliminating the duplication of terms, the 
erroneous use of terms, and confusion of terms, and with 
a view to defining the principal terms which have come into 
use in the development of aeronautics. In the prepa- 
ration of this nomenclature only those terms have been 
defined which are new and peculiar to this subject. 

Aeronautical Nomenclature 

Aerofoil: A thin wing-like structure, flat or curved, 
designed to obtain reaction upon its surfaces from the 
air through which it moves. 

Aeroplane : See Airplane. 

Aileron: A movable auxiliary surface used for the 
control of rolling motion — i.e., rotation about the fore 
and aft axis. 

Aircraft: Any form of craft designed for the navigation 
of the air — airplanes, balloons, dirigibles, helicopters, 
kites, kite-balloons, ornithopters, gliders, etc. 

Airplane: A form of aircraft heavier than air which has 
wing surfaces for sustentation, with stabilizing surfaces, 
rudders for steering, and power plant for propulsion 

48 



NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 49 

through the air. The landing gear may be suited for 
either land or water use. 

Pusher. — A type of airplane with the propeller or 

propellers in rear of the wings. 
Tractor. — A type of airplane with the propeller or 
propellers in front of the wings. 
Air-speed meter: An instrument designed to measure 
the velocity of an aircraft with reference to the air 
through which it is moving. 
Altimeter: An instrument mounted on an aircraft to 
indicate continuously its height above the surface of 
the earth. 
Anemometer: An instrument for measuring the velocity 
of the wind or air currents with reference to the earth 
or some fixed body. 
Angle : 

Of attack. — The angle between the direction of the 
relative wind and the chord of an aerofoil, or the 
fore and aft axis of a body. 
Critical. — The angle of attack at which the lift is 

a maximum. 
Gliding. — The angle the flight path makes with the 
horizontal when flying in still air under the in- 
fluence of gravity alone. 
Aspect ratio: The ratio of spread to chord of an aero- 
foil. 
Axes of an aircraft: Three fixed lines of reference; 
usually centroidal and mutually rectangular. 

The principal longitudinal axis in the plane of sym- 
metry, usually parallel to the axis of the propeller, is 
called the fore and aft axis (or longitudinal axis); the 
axis perpendicular to this in the plane of symmetry is 
called the vertical axis; and the third axis, perpendicu- 



50 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

lar to the other two, is called the athwartship axis (or 
transverse or lateral axis). In mathematical discus- 
sions the first of these axes is called the x-axis, the 
second the 2:-axis, and the third the y-Sixis. 
Ballonet: a small balloon within the interior of a bal- 
loon or dirigible for the purpose of controlling the 
ascent or descent, and for maintaining pressure on the 
outer envelope to prevent deformation. The ballonet 
is kept inflated with air at the required pressure, under 
the control of a blower and valves. 
Balloon: A form of aircraft comprising a gas bag and 
a car, whose sustentation depends on the buoyancy 
of the contained gas, which is lighter than air. 

Captive. — A balloon restrained from free flight by 

means of a cable attaching it to the earth. 
Kite. — An elongated form of captive balloon, fitted 
with tail appendages to keep it headed into the 
wind, and deriving increased lift due to its axis 
being inclined to the wind. . 
Bank: To incline an airplane laterally — i.e., to rotate 
it about the fore and aft axis. Right bank is to in- 
cline the airplane with the right wing down. 
Banking rudder: See Aileron. 

Barograph: An instrument used to record variations 
in barometric pressure. In aeronautics the charts on 
which the records are made are prepared to indicate 
altitudes directly instead of barometric pressure. 
Biplane: A form of airplane in which the main sup- 
porting surface is divided into two parts, one above 
the other. 
Body of an airplane: A structure, usually inclosed, 
which contains in a stream-Hne housing the power 
plant, fuel, passengers, etc. 



NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 51 

Caere: A flying attitude in which the angle of attacks 
is greater than normal; tail down; down by the 
stern — tail low. 
Camber: The convexity or rise of a curve of an aerofoil 
from its chord, usually expressed as the ratio of the 
maximum departure of the curve from the chord as a 
fraction thereof. ^^Top Camber" refers to the top 
surface of an aerofoil, and ^^ Bottom Camber" to the 
bottom surface; ''Mean Camber" is the mean of these 
two. 
Capacity: 

Lifting. — The maximum flying load of an aircraft. 
Carrying. — Excess of the lifting capacity over the 
dead load of an aircraft, which latter includes 
structure, power plant, and essential accessories. 
Carrying capacity: See Capacity. 

Center: The point in which a set of effects is assumed to 
be accumulated, producing the same effect as if all 
were concentrated at this point. 

Of buoyancy. — The center of gravity of the fluid 

displaced by the floating body. 
Of pressure of an aerofoil. — The point on the chord 
of an element of an aerofoil, prolonged if neces- 
sary, through which at any instant the line of action 
of the resultant air force passes. 
Of pressure of a body. — The point on the axis of a 
body, prolonged if necessary, through which at 
any instant the line of action of the resultant air 
force passes. 
Chord : 

Of an aerofoil section. — A right line tangent to the 
under curve of the aerofoil section at the front and 
rear. 



52 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Length. — The length of the chord is the length of 
the aerofoil section projected on the chord, extended 
if necessary. 
Controls: A general term applying to the means pro- 
vided for operating the devices used to control speed, 
direction of flight, and attitude of an aircraft. 
Critical angle: See Angle, Critical. 
Decalage: An increase in the angular setting of the 
chord of an upper wing of a biplane with reference to 
the chord of the lower wing. 
Developed area of a propeller: A layout of the area 
of a propeller blade designed to represent the total area 
of the driving face, in which the elements of area are 
developed as if unfolded onto the plane of the drawing 
(necessarily an approximation on definite assumptions, 
as no true development of the helix can be made). 
Dirigible : A form of balloon the outer envelope of which 
is of elongated form, provided with a propelling system, 
car, rudders, and stabilizing surfaces. 

Nonrigid. — A dirigible whose form is maintained 
by the pressure of the contained gas assisted by 
the car-suspension system. 
Rigid. — A dirigible whose form is maintained by a 

rigid structure contained within the envelope. 
Semirigid. — A dirigible whose form is maintained 
by means of its attachment to an exterior girder 
construction containing the car. 
Disk area of a propeller: The total area of the disk 

swept by the propeller tips. 
Diving rudder: See Elevator. 

Dope: A general term applied to the material used in 
treating the cloth surface of airplane members to 
increase strength, produce tautness, and act as a 



NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 53 

filler to maintain airtightness ; usually of the cellulose 
type. 

Drag: The total resistance to motion through the air 
of an aircraft — i.e., the sum of the drift and head 
resistance. 

Drift: The component of the resultant wind pressure 
on an aerofoil or wing surface parallel to the air stream 
attacking the surface. 

Elevator: A hinged surface for controlling the longi- 
tudinal attitude of an aircraft — i.e., its rotation about 
the a thwart ship axis. 

Engine right or left hand: The distinction between 
a right-hand and a left-hand engine depends on the 
rotation of the output shaft, whether this shaft rotates 
in the same direction as the crank or not. A right- 
hand engine is one in which, when viewed from the out- 
put shaft end, the shaft is seen to rotate anticlockwise. 

Entering edge: The foremost part of an aerofoil. 

Fins: Small planes on aircraft to promote stability; 
for example, vertical tail fins, horizontal tail fins, skid 
fins, etc. 

Flight path: The path of the center of gravity of an 
aircraft with reference to the air. 

Float: That portion of the landing gear of an aircraft 
which provides buoyancy when it is resting on the sur- 
face of the water. 

Fuselage : See Body. 

Gap: The distance between the projections on the ver- 
tical axis of the entering edges of an upper and lower 
wing of a biplane. 

Glide : To fly without power. 

Glider: A form of aircraft similar to an airplane, but 
without any power plant. 




54 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

When utilized in variable winds it makes use of the 
soaring principles of flight and is sometimes called a 
soaring machine. 

Gliding angle: See Angle, gliding. 

Guy: A rope, chain, wire, or rod attached to an object 
to guide or steady it, such as guys to wing, tail, or 
landing gear. 

Head resistance : The total resistance to motion through 
the air of all parts of an aircraft not a part of the main 
lifting surface. Sometimes termed '^parasite resist- 
ance." 

Helicopter: A form of aircraft whose support in the 
air .is derived from the vertical thrust of large propellers. 

Inclinometer: An instrument for measuring the angle 
made by any axis of an aircraft with the horizontal. 

Keel plane area: The total effective area of an aircraft 
which acts to prevent skidding or side slipping. 

Kite: A form of aircraft without other propelling means 
than the towline pull, whose support is derived from the 
force of the wind moving past its surface. 

Kite balloon: See Balloon, kite. 

Landing gear: The under structure of an aircraft de- 
signed to carry the load when resting on, or running on, 
the surface of the land or water. 

Lateral stability: See Stability, lateral. 

Leading edge: See Entering edge. 

Leeway: The angular deviation from a course over the 
earth, due to cross currents of wind. 

Lift: The component of the force due to the air pressure 
of an aerofoil, resolved perpendicular to the flight 
path in a vertical plane. 

Lift bracing: See Stay. 

Lifting capacity: See Capacity, lifting. 



NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 55 

Load, full: See Capacity, lifting. 

Reserve {or useful). — See Capacity, carrying. 

Loading: See Wing, loading. 

Longitudinal: A fore-and-aft member of the framing 
of an airplane body, or of the floats, usually continuous 
across a number of points of support. 

Longitudinal stability: See Stability. 

Metacenter: The point of intersection of a vertical 
line through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced 
by a floating body when it is tipped through a small 
angle from its position of equilibrium and the inclined 
line which was vertical through the center of gravity 
of the body when in equilibrium. There is, in general, 
a different metacenter for each type of displacement 
of the floating body. 

Monoplane: A form of airplane whose main supporting 
surface is disposed as a single wing on each side of the 
body. 

Motor: See Engine. 

Nacelle: See Body. 

Natural stability: See Stability. 

Nose dive: A dangerously steep descent, head-on. 

Ornithopter: A form of aircraft deriving its support 
and propelling force from flapping wings. 

PiTOT tube: a tube with an end open square to the 
fluid stream, used as a detector of an impact pressure. 
More usually associated with a concentric tube sur- 
rounding it, having perforations normal to the axis 
for indicating static pressure. The velocity of the 
fluid can be determined from the difference between 
the impact pressure and the static pressure. This 
instrument is often used to determine the velocity of 
an aircraft through the air. 



56 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Propeller: 

Developed area of. — See Developed area of a propeller. 
Disk area of. — See Disk area of a propeller. 
Right-hand. — One in which the helix is right-handed. 

Pusher: See Airplane. 

Pylon: A marker of a course. 

Race of a propeller: The air stream delivered by the 
propeller. 

Rib: See Wing. 

Right (or left) hand : 

Engine. — See Engine. 

Propeller. — See Propeller, right-hand. 

Rigid dirigible: See Dirigible, rigid. 

Rudder: A hinged or pivoted sm^face, usually more or 
less flat or stream-lined, used for the purpose of con- 
trolling the attitude of an aircraft about its vertical 
axis when in motion. 

Side slipping: Sliding toward the center of a turn. 
It is due to excessive amount of bank for the turn being 
made, and is the opposite of skidding. 

Skidding: Sliding sideways in flight away from the center 
of the turn. It is usually caused by insufficient banking 
in a turn, and is the opposite of side slipping. 

Skids: Long wooden or metal runners designed to pre- 
vent nosing of a land machine when landing or to 
prevent dropping into holes or ditches in rough ground. 
Generally designed to function should the wheels col- 
lapse or fail to act. 

Slip: This term applies to propeller action and is the 
difference between the actual velocity of advance of 
an aircraft and the speed calculated from the known 
pitch of the propeller and its number of revolutions. 

Soaring machine : See Glider. 



NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 57 

Spread: The maximum distance laterally from tip to 

tip of an airplane wing. 
Stability: The quality of an aircraft in flight which 
causes it to return to a condition of equilibrium when 
meeting a disturbance. (This is sometimes called '^Dy- 
namical stability.") 

Directional. — Stability with reference to the ver- 
tical axis. 
Inherent. — Stability of an aircraft due to the dis- 
position and arrangement of its fixed parts. 
Lateral. — Stability with reference to the longitudinal 

(or fore and aft) axis. 
Longitudinal. — Stability with reference to the lateral 
(or athwartship) axis. 
Stabilizer: See Fins. 

Mechanical. — Any automatic device designed to 
secure stability in flight. 
Stagger: The amount of advance of the entering edge 
of the upper wing of a biplane over that of the lower; 
it is considered positive when the upper surface is 
forward. 
Stalling: A term describing the condition of an airplane 
which from any cause has lost the relative speed neces- 
sary for steerage-way and control. 
Statoscope: An instrument to detect the existence of 
a small rate of ascent or descent, principally used in 
ballooning. 
Stay: A wire, rope, or the like, used as a tie piece to hold 
parts together, or to contribute stiffness; for example, 
the stays of the wing and body trussing. 
Step: A break in the form of the bottom of a float. 
Stream-line flow: A term in hydromechanics to de- 
scribe the condition of continuous flow of a fluid, as 



58 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

distinguished from eddying flow where discontinuity 
takes place. 

Stream-line shape: A shape intended to avoid eddying 
or discontinuity and to preserve stream-line flow, thus 
keeping resistance to progress at a minimum. 

Strut: A compression member of a truss frame; for 
instance, the vertical members of the wing truss of a 
biplane. 

Sweep back: The horizontal angle between the lateral 
(athwartship) axis of an airplane and the entering 
edge of the main planes. 

Tail : The rear portion of an aircraft, to which are usually 
attached rudders, elevators, and fins. 

Tail fins: The vertical and horizontal surfaces attached 
to the tail, used for stabilizing. 

Thrust deduction: Due to the influence of the propel- 
lers, there is a reduction of pressure under the stern 
of the vessel which appreciably rieduces the total pro- 
pulsive effect of the propeller. This reduction is termed 
''Thrust deduction." 

Tractor: See Airplane. 

Trailing edge: The rearmost portion of an aerofoil. 

Triplane: a form of airplane whose main supporting 
surfaces are divided into three parts, superposed. 

Truss: The framing by which the wing loads are 
transmitted to the body; comprises struts, stays, and 
spars. 

Velometer: See Air-speed meter and anemometer. 

Vol-pique: See Nose dive. 

Vol-plane: See Glide. 

Wake gain: Due to the influence of skin friction, eddy- 
ing, etc., a vessel in moving forward produces a certain 
forward movement of the fluid surrounding it. The 



NOMENCLATURE FOR AERONAUTICS 59 

effect of this is to reduce the effective resistance of the 
hull, and this effect, due to the forward movement 
of the wake, is termed the ^^wake gain." 

In addition to this effect the forward movement of 
this body of fluid reduces the actual advance of the 
propeller through the surrounding medium, thereby 
reducing the propeller horsepower. 

Warp: To change the form of the wing by twisting it, 
usually by changing the inclination of the rear spar 
relative to the front spar. 

Wings : The main supporting surfaces of an airplane. 

Wing loading: The weight carried per unit area of 
supporting surface. 

Wing rib : A fore and aft member of the wing structure 
used to support the covering and to give the wing section 
its form. 

Wing spar: An athwartship member of the wing struc- 
ture resisting tension and compression. 

Yaw: To swing off the course about the vertical axis, 
owing to gusts or lack of directional stability. 

Angle of. — The temporary angular deviation of the 
fore and aft axis from the course. 



In connection with the nomenclature of the Advisory 
Committee, the following cuts of airplanes with their 
part names should prove useful and are reproduced by 
permission of the American Machinist and the Aircraft 
Mechanics Handbook. 



60 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 







HYDROAIRPLANE 
OR SEAPLANE 

{PU5HCR TYPO 



STANDARD COLUMN ("OEP'^CONTROL 



No. 8-Engine 
" 9-Propeller 
" 10-Obeserver's or 

passenger's seat 
" 11-Pilot's seat 
" 12-Longeron 
6-Horizontal stabilizer " 13-Fuselage strut 
7- Wheel " 14 A-Fuselage truss wire 



No. 1-Upper plane 

lA- Lower plane 

2-Fuselage or body 

3-Rudder 

4-Elevator 

5-Aileron 



No. 14B-Internal draft wire 
" 15-Socket 
" 16-Plane or wing spars 
" 17-Ribs 
" 18-Wing strut, 

(front and rear) 
" 19-Landing gear strut 
" 20-Axle 



Typical Airplanes and Details of Construction 



CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS— CROSS-SECTIONS 



Reported by the Committee on Standard Cross-sections 
and Symbols, December, 1914. The American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers. 

V2 




Cast Iron 



Wrought Iron 



Cast Steel 



Wrought 5tee! 




Babbitt or 
White Metal 




Glass 




Copper Brass 
or Composition 




Wood 



Aluminum 



Water 



Rubber.Yuicanite 
or Insulation 




Puddle 



wmm^ 



mm 



Concrete 



m 



Rock 




Bnck 



Coursed Uncoursed 
Rubble 



*P 




Ashlar 



Oriqmal Filling 

Larth 



Sand 



Other Materials 



Recommended Standard Cross-sections 



mmm 



Concrete 






wy^m^ 



W. 



Concrete Blocks 





w» 


I 


m^ 



Cyclopean 
Concrete 












^"m^m 



Expanded WiVe o»* 

Metal Rod* 

Reinforced Concrete 




Wrought Steel 



Nickel Steel 



Chrome Steel Vanadium Steel 



Typical Subdivisions 
61 



62 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 




CONCRETE 



T-^.' 



REINFORCED 
COyCRETE 



^^ 



^ 



^^^ 



^ 



^^ 



^ 



^ 




ASHLAR 



RUBBLE 

(coursed) (umcoursed) 




6RAVEU CONCRETE 



CYCLOPEAN 
CONCRETE 




CEMENT OR 
PLASTER 



BROKEN STONE 



©RAVEL 




ASBESTOS, MAGNESIUM 




wood cork 

Symbols fou Building Materials 




WATER 



ICE 



6 LASS 




FIBER 



RUBB'^'? 







-r^ 






■',< 


'.'/, '.' 


'!'.' 


''/','/ 


''■: 


■„' 


''/'i 


^// 


, ■'''•/ ^ 


'^; 


' ; 


■''/''. 




"'','' 














'// 


■/'/ 




''''.'■', 


-,; 












■'/ 


,//, 


"/. 


'Z^/''- 


■''■ 


■ ', 


//.'.' 


■//, 




''.'. 








PORCELMN MICA 




EXCELSIOR 



COKE 



LOOSE COAL 



0^/mwA 




UNDEFINED 

Miscellaneous Symbols 



CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS — CROSS-SECTIONS 63 

Geological Symbols. — From Report of Committee on 
Cross-sections A. S. M. E., and following those used by 
the U. S. Geological Survey. 







EARTH 



ROCK 



PUDDLE 




' l l llll ! l»t-i | |l"- T i ;v 

STRATIFIED 
ROCK 



QUICKSAhfO* 







•srr 


SILT 


- „^— 




"e^r^ 


—"'-^^ :.,--r: 






*-« 


■"■ **"* - -w-^ .- 




— .^ 


w <^ 


■ - - ~_ 


— ■ ^ 


' ' ' — ^ 


■'■1 


-^•^ -^*-' .- 


. 


_* 


-»-■ 


^' ■ - . -*.-- 


. ^,.--- - 





LOAM 



SANDSTONE 




^^_^ 



LIMESTONE 



ORANITE CONGLOMERATE 

Symbols for Geologic Formations 




SHALE 




DEFINITIONS 

Definitions of directions for shop operations frequently 
given on drawings : 

Anneal. — To refine the structure of metals by heating 
and coohng slowly, which makes them more ductile, 
increases the tensile strength, and in castings, also removes 
strains. 

Babbitt. — To pour a mixture of tin, antimony, copper 
and lead into a bearing as for a bushing. 

Bevel. — To slope or remove sharp edges. 

Bore. — To cut a hole with a tool as distinguished from 
a rough hole in a casting formed by a core. 

Braze. — To unite metals with spelter or hard solder 
consisting of zinc and copper. 

Bush. — To fit a lining or ring of metal in a hole to 
take the wear of a moving part. 

Broach. — To form a hole with a serrated tool of that 
name and which operates with an endwise movement, 
as distinguished from the rotary movement of a drill. 

Caulk, or Calk. — To fill joints or seams to prevent 
leakage. 

Camber. — To curve the surface of a timber, as the 
deck beams or carlins of a boat, to assist in running off 
water. 

Case Harden. — To harden the outer surface of iron 
or steel. 

Chamfer. — To remove sharp edges with a flat cut, 
usually applied to timber. To bevel. 

Chill. — To harden the outer surface of castings by 

quick cooling. 

64 



DEFINITIONS 65 

Chip. — To remove lumps or rough spots with a cold 
chisel and hammer. 

Counterbore. — To bore the outer part of a hole to a 
larger diameter than the inner. 

Countersink. — To bevel the outer edge of a hole, 
as for a rivet or bolt head of countersunk form. 

Core. — To form a hole or recess in a casting, with a 
portion of the pattern of that name. 

Dovetail. — To make a joint of that shape, usually 
in wood. 

Dowel. — To fasten with pins of that name. 

Drive. — See Fit. 

Face. — To finish a flat surface, as in a lathe or planer. 

Fillet. — To fill sharp corners to a radius, as on patterns 
and castings. 

FITS. — The following definitions for the different fits 
are arranged in the order of their tightness. For uniform 
results it is better to designate the fit by the sizes of the 
parts, expressed to a three or four place decimal with 
limits, full directions for which can be found in the hand- 
books. 

Running fit. — To fit parts so that they may move and 
run freely; as a shaft in bearings or a loose pulley. 

Push fit. — To fit parts so they may be pushed together 
by hand. 

Wring fit. — To fit parts so they may be turned or 
wrung to place. 

Drive fit. — To fit parts so that blows, with a hammer 
or sledge, are required to get them to place. 

Force fit. — To fit parts, as a shaft in a gear, so that 
force is required to insert it. 

Press fit. — Same as force fit, but to be done in a press. 
Pressure in tons usually being specified. 



66 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Shrink fit. — To fit parts, as a coupling on a shaft, 

by having the hole a little smaller than the shaft, 

heating the coupling until the shaft enters, when 

the contraction of the metal on cooling makes the 

shrink fit. 
FORGE. — To work metals by heating and hammering. 

Drop forge. — To work metals by heating and form- 
ing with dies by a blow in a forge of that name. 

Press forge. — To work metals by heating and form- 
ing with dies, in a forge which operates with a 
slow and steady pressure. 
FINISH. — To turn bore or face. 

Chip. — To remove lumps or rough spots with a cold 
chisel and hammer. 

File. — To finish (as a casting) with a file. 

Draw file. — To finish with a file held in both hands 
across the work and moved sideways, as in hand- 
fitting a key. 

Grind. — To finish smoothly and accurately with an 
abrasive. 

Lap. — To polish with a soft piece of metal of that 
name, either flat, or round for holes, and which 
retains the abrasive. 

Polish. — To finish to a smooth bright surface with a 
fine abrasive. 

Rough. — When no finish is desired, as parts of a casting. 

Scrape. — To finish with, sl scraper as in fitting bab- 
bited bearings. 

Dressed (or planed). — Sand papered; rough; finishes 
for timber and wood work. 
Grout. — To fill with thin mortar or cement. 
Ground joint. — To finish a joint in metals by grind- 
ing the parts together with an abrasive and oil. 



DEFINITIONS 67 

Harden. — To heat steel and quench suddenly, usually 
used as, ^^ harden and temper." 

Heat treat. — To heat and quench steel to exact 
temperature and time rules, to improve the structure and 
strength; applied to steel of specified composition. 

Key Seat. — To form a recess, as in a shaft pulley or 
gear for a key which may be straight or tapered. 

Lap. — To polish with a soft piece of metal of that 
name, which may be either flat, or round for holes, and 
which retains the abrasive. 

Mill. — To remove metal by the action of a toothed 
wheel or bar in a milling machine. 

Miter. — To join at an angle, usually 45° as a miter 
joint. 

Mortise. — To form a recess (in timber) to receive 
a tongue called a tenon. 

Nurl. — To corrugate or make fine teeth, as on the 
edge of a thumb screw or any part to be turned by hand. 

Peen. — To go over a surface to expand it, with the 
round nose of a hammer, called a ball peen hammer. 

Polish. — To finish to a smooth bright surface with a 
fine abrasive. 

Rabbet. — To recess or groove along the edge of a 
timber or plank, usually to relieve the ends of other tim- 
bers or plank and make a flush joint. 

Ream. — To finish a hole smoothly and accurately 
with a tool of that name. 

Rivet. — To fasten two or more parts together with 
pins, called rivets. 

Shrink. — See Fit. 

Scarf. — To form a long joint usually in timber, and 
as distinguished from a butt joint. 

Spot face. — To finish a round surface at the spot 



68 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

designated, usually on a casting around a bolt hole for 
a nut seat. 

Solder. — To unite two metals with soft solder con- 
sisting of tin and lead. 

Sweat (joint). — To unite metals by first '' tinning" 
them with solder, then holding the parts together and 
applying just enough heat to start or sweat the solder. 

Stay bolt. — To fasten with bolts of that name, as 
parallel plates in a boiler. 

Tap. — To cut a thread in a hole with a tool of that 
name. 

Temper. — To reheat hardened steel to a predeter- 
mined temperature or ^' color," according to the intended 
use, and then quench. 

Tenon. — To form a tongue of wood to fit in a recess, 
called a mortise. 

Thread. — To form a screw thread either with a die 
or in a lathe. 

Treenail. — To fasten with a wooden pin (Locust) the 
inside end of which is split and fitted with a wedge which 
on striking the bottom of the hole expands the pin and 
secures it. 

Turn. — To finish in a machine which revolves the 
work as in a lathe, also used as ^'Turn Bore and Face." 

Upset. — To rivet over or spread, as the end of a bolt 
over a nut. 

Weld; Lap weld; Butt weld. — To join the edges of 
two pieces of metal by fusing, according to the manner 
in which the edges meet, whether ''lapped" or ''butted." 



CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS — ELECTRICAL 



mt 



Standard Symbols Adopted by the National Electrical Contractors' 
Association and the American Institute of Architects 

Copyrighted 
y^^ Ceiling Outlet; Electric only. Numeral in center indicates number of Standard 
f4j 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps. 

>^^ Ceiling Outlet; Combination. | indicates 4-16 C. P. Standard Incan- ^^ 
)H 2, descent Lamps and 2 Gas Burners. If gas only. jHE 

^_y5<' Bracket Outlet; Electric only. Numeral in center indicates number of 
Standard' 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps 
Bracket Outlet; Combination. % indicates 4-16 C.P. Standard Incan- ^^g^ 
descent Lamps and 2 Gas Burners. If gas only. ^Aj^f^ 

Wall or Baseboard Receptacle Outlet. Numeral in center indicates 

number of Standard 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps. 
Floor Outlet. Numeral in center indicates number of Standard 16 C. P. Incan- 
descent Lamps. 
Outlet for Outdoor Standard or Pedestal; Electric only. Numeral indicates 

number of Standard 16 C.P. Incandescent Lamps. 
Outlet for Outdoor Standard or Pedestal; Combination. | indicates 6-16 C.P. 
Standard Incandescent Lamps; 6 Gas Burners. 

Drop Cord Outlet. 

One Light Outlet, for Lamp Receptacle. 

Arc Lamp Outlet. 

Special Outlet, for Lighting, Heating and Power Current, as described in Speci- 
fications. 

Ceiling Fan Outlet. 

S. P. Switch Outlet. 

D. P. Switch Outlet. 

3-Way Switch Outlet. 

4- Way Switch Outlet. 

Automatic Door Switch Outlet. 

Electrolier Switch Outlet. 

Meter Outlet. 

Distribution Panel. 

Junction or Pull Box. 

Motor Outlet; Numeral in center indicates Horse Power. 

Motor Control Outlet. 

Transformer 



Show as many Symbols as there are 
Switches. Or in case of a very large 
group of Switches, indicate number of 
Switches by a Roman numeral, thus 
S' XII; meaning 12 Single Pole 
Switches. 

Describe Type of Switch in Specifications, 
that is. Flush or Siu-face, Push Button 
or Snap. 



„„„. Main or Feeder run concealed 
under floor. 

OBH Main or Feeder run concealed- 

under Floor above. 
»— ■ Main or Feeder run exposed. 

I Branch Circuit run concealed 
under Floor. 

■ Branch Circuit run concealed 
under Floor above. 
■""" Branch Circuit run exposed. 

'"""Pole Line. 



Heights of Center of Wall Outlets 
(unless otherwise specified) : 


Living Rooms 


5 ft. 6 ins. 


Chambers 


5 ft. ins. 


Offices 


6 ft. ins. 


Corridors 


6 ft. 3 ins. 


Height of Switches 
wise specified) 


(unless other- 
4 ft. ins. 



Riser. 



69 



70 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



Telephone Outlet; Private Service. 

Ijrf Telephone Outlet; Pubhc Service. 

Q BeU Outlet. 

^y Buzzer Outlet. 

(•J2 Push Button Outlet; Numeral indicates number of Pushes. 

— "^^ Annunciator; Numeral indicates number of Points. 

■ ^ Speaking Tube. 

— (c) Watchman Clock Outlet. 

■ T Watchman Station Outlet. 
— ^ ]Master Time Clock Outlet. 
—in Secondary Time Clock Outlet. 

[JJ Door Opener. 

ra Special Outlet ; for Signal Systems, as described in Specifications. 

Illlfl Battery Outlet. 



Circuit for Clock, Telephone, Bell or other Service, run under Floor, 

concealed. 
Kind of Ser%'ice wanted ascertained by Symbol to which Hne connects. 

Circuit for Clock, Telephone, BeU or other Ser\'ice, run under Floor 

above, concealed. 
Kind of Service wanted ascertained by Symbol to which hne connects. 



Suggestions in connection -with Standard Symbols for Wiring Plans: 

It is important that ample space be allowed for the installation of mains, feeders, branches 
and distribution panels. 

It is desirable that a key to the symbols used accompany all plans. 

If mains, feeders, branches and distribution panels are shown on the plans, it is desirable 
that they be designated by letters or numbers. 



CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS 

Lines — It is considered that the three most important 
Hnes of a drawing are construction Hnes, center hnes, and 
dimension Hnes. For this reason a difference is made in 
their construction rather than in their weight or width. 
This seems a logical distinction to make and one cal- 
culated to avoid confusion. 

The lines of a drawing may be broadly divided into 
two general classes, namely, ''Lines of Construction" 
and ''Lines of Explanation," as noted in the following 
groups : 

Lines of Construction 

General Construction Line ^— 

Heavy Construction Line 

Invisible Part 

Adj acent Part 

Lines of Explanation 

Center Lines and Pitch Lines 

Extension Lines for Dimensions 

Dimension Lines < > 

Lines Showing Paths of Moving Parts -^ 



Section Cuts [ | 

Cross-section Lines to Indicate Ma- See Cross-sections 
terial. 




71 



^'■^ 



PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 

The following Patent Office Symbols and rules to be 
observed in making drawings, on which patent applica- 
tions are to be filed, have been reproduced from ''Rules 
of Practice in the United States Patent Office" — copy 
of which should be consulted for full directions relating 
to applications for patents, and to drawings. 

^'the drawings 

^^49. The applicant for a patent is required by law 
to furnish a drawing of his invention whenever the nature 
of the case admits of it. 

'^50. The drawing may be signed by the inventor or 
one of the persons indicated in Rule 25, or the name of 
the applicant may be signed on the drawing by his at- 
torney in fact. The drawing must show every feature 
of the invention covered by the claims, and the figures 
should be consecutively numbered, if possible. When 
the invention consists of an improvement on an old ma- 
chine the drawing must exhibit, in one or more views, 
the invention itself, disconnected from the old structure, 
and also in another view, so much only of the old structure 
as will suffice to show the connection of the invention 
therewith. 

''51. Two editions of patent drawings are printed 
and published — one for office use, certified copies, etc., 
of the size and character of those attached to patents, 
the work being about 6 by 9i inches; and one reduction 

72 



PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 



73 



CHART FOR DRAFTSMEN. 



SECTIONS 



MerrAL 



SECT/ON OF 61ASJ- o/j paffca^/V 
W2; " 



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SFcrjotJ sift^Ar/OA/ 



CO/9K 



SECTION AMD ELEVfirriOn OF WOOD 




*F^^3/f'C 




f/uK Oft fieo 



ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 

1234.^6 7S90 

ELECT/^/CAL SYMBOLS. 






CHOSflNG *l^O 
JOI»£0 /f//f£f 



3. 



jNc^/roffcovrFoi 
c//Tcu/rs 






S>v/rc» 
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6. 



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CAOJt//rASi£ co/ff) 



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fOf£/rLOAD) 




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74 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS. 



zs. 




2S, 



^^ 



27. 

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28. 



i^r 



39: 

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lAMPJ 

utiirsff Our 



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iHvrto 



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X X X X X 



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^ 



^ARM c^f* 



PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 75 

of a selected portion of each drawing for the Official 
Gazette. 

"52. This work is done by the photolithographic 
process, and therefore the character of each original draw- 
ing must be brought as nearly as possible to a uniform 
standard of excellence, suited to the requirements of the 
process, to give the best results, in the interests of in- 
ventors, of the office, and of the public. The following 
rules will therefore be rigidly enforced, and any departure 
from them will be certain to cause delay in the exami- 
nation of an application for letters patent: 

^* (a) Drawings must be made upon pure white paper 
of a thickness corresponding to two-sheet or three-sheet 
Bristol board. The surface of the paper must be calen- 
dered and smooth. India ink alone must be used, to 
secure perfectly black and solid lines. 

" (h) The size of a sheet on which a drawing is made 
must be exactly 10 by 15 inches. One inch from its edges 
a single marginal line is to be drawn, leaving the ' ^ sight '^ 
precisely 8 by 13 inches. Within this margin all work 
and signatures must be included. One of the shorter 
sides of the sheet is regarded as its top, and, measuring 
downwardly from the marginal line, a space of not less 
than 1| inches is to be left blank for the heading of title, 
name, number, and date. 

" (c) All drawings must be made with the pen only. 
Every fine and letter (signatures included) must be abso- 
lutely black. This direction applies to all lines, how- 
ever fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces 
in sectional views. All lines must be clean, sharp, and 
sohd, and they must not be too fine or crowded. Sur- 
face shading, when used, should be open. Sectional 
shading should be made by obfique parallel fines, which 



76 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

may be about one-twentieth of an inch apart. Sohd 
black should not be used for sectional or surface shading. 
Free-hand work should be avoided wherever it is possible 
to do so. 

" (d) Drawings should be made with the fewest lines 
possible consistent with clearness. By the observance 
of this rule the effectiveness of the work after reduction 
will be much increased. Shading (except on sectional 
views) should be used only on convex and concave sur- 
faces, where it should be used sparingly, and may even 
there be dispensed with if the drawing be otherwise well 
executed. The plane upon which a sectional view is 
taken should be indicated on the general view by a broken 
or dotted line, which should be designated by numerals 
corresponding to the number of the sectional view. 
Heavy hues on the shade sides of objects should be used, 
except where they tend to thicken the work and obscure 
letters of reference. The light is alwaj^s supposed to 
come from the upper left-hand corner at an angle of 45°. 

" {e) The scale to which a drawing is made ought to 
be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding, 
and two or more sheets should be used if one does not 
give sufficient room to accomplish this end; but the 
number of sheets must never be more than is absolutely 
necessary. 

"(f) The different views should be consecutively num- 
bered. Letters and figures of reference must be carefully 
formed. They should, if possible, measure at least one- 
eighth of an inch in height, so that they may bear reduc- 
tion to one twenty-fourth of an inch; and they may be 
much larger when there is sufficient room. They must be 
so placed in the close and complex parts of drawings as 
not to interfere with a thorough comprehension of the 



PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 77 

same, and therefore should rarely cross or mingle with 
the lines. When necessarily grouped around a certain 
part they should be placed at a little distance, where 
there is available space, and connected by lines with the 
parts to which they refer. They should not be placed 
upon shaded surfaces, but when it is difficult to avoid 
this, a blank space must be left in the shading where the 
letter occurs, so that it shall appear perfectly distinct and 
separate from the work. If the same part of an inven- 
tion appear in more than one view of the drawing it must 
always be represented by the same character, and the 
same character must never be used to designate different 
parts. 

" {g) The signature of the applicant should be placed 
at the lower right-hand corner of each sheet, and the 
signatures of the witnesses, if any, at the lower left-hand 
corner, all within the marginal line, but in no instance 
should they trespass upon the drawings. (See specimen 
drawing, appendix.) The title should be written with 
pencil on the back of the sheet. The permanent names 
and title constituting the heading will be applied subse- 
quently by the office in uniform style. 

'' (h) All views on the same sheet must stand in the 
same direction and must if possible stand so that they 
can be read with the sheet held in an upright position. 
If views longer than the width of the sheet are necessary 
for the proper illustration of the invention the sheet may 
be turned on its side. The space for heading must then 
be reserved at the right and the signatures placed at the 
left, occupying the same space and position as in the 
upright views and being horizontal when the sheet is held 
in an upright position. One figure must not be placed 
upon another or within the outline of another. 



78 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

" (^) As a rule, one view only of each invention can be 
shown in the Gazette illustrations. The selection of 
that portion of a drawing best calculated to explain the 
nature of the specific improvement would be facilitated 
and the final result improved by the judicious execution 
of a figure with express reference to the Gazette, but which 
must at the same time serve as one of the figures referred 
to in the specification. For this purpose the figure may 
be a plan, elevation, section, or perspective view, accord- 
ing to the judgment of the draftsman. All its parts 
should be especially open and distinct, with very little 
or no shading, and it must illustrate the invention claimed 
only, to the exclusion of all other details. (See specimen 
drawing.) When well executed, it will be used without 
curtailment or change, but any excessive fineness, or 
crowding, or unnecessary elaborateness of detail, will 
necessitate its exclusion from the Gazette. 

" (j) Drawings transmitted to the office should be sent 
flat, protected by a sheet of heavy binder's board; or 
should be rolled for transmission in a suitable mailing 
tube, but should never be folded. 

" (k) An agent's or attorney's stamp, or advertisement, 
or written address will not be permitted upon the face of 
a drawing, within or without the marginal line. 

^'53. All reissue applications must be accompanied 
by new drawings, of the character required in original 
applications, and the inventor's name must appear upon 
the same in all cases; and such drawings shall be made 
upon the same scale as the original drawing, or upon a 
larger scale, unless a reduction of scale shall be author- 
ized by the Commissioner. 

^^54. The foregoing rules relating to drawings will be 
rigidly enforced. A drawing not executed in conformity 



PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 79 

thereto may be admitted for purposes of examination 
if it sufficiently illustrate the invention, but in such case 
the drawing must be corrected or a new one furnished 
before the application will be allowed. The necessary 
corrections will be made by the office, upon applicant's 
request and at his expense. (See Rule 72.) 

'^55. Applicants are advised to employ competent 
draftsmen to make their drawings. 

''The office will furnish the drawings at cost, as 
promptly as its draftsmen can make them, for applicants 
who can not otherwise conveniently procure them. 

THE MODEL 

''56. A model will be required or admitted as a part 
of the application only when on examination of the case 
in its regular order the primary examiner shall find it to 
be necessary or useful. In such case, if a model has not 
been furnished, the examiner shall notify the applicant 
of such requirement, which will constitute an official 
action in the case. When a model has been received in 
compliance with the official requirement, the date of its 
filing shall be entered on the file wrapper. Models not 
required nor admitted will be returned to the applicants. 
When a model is required, the examination may be sus- 
pended until it shall have been filed. 

"57. The model must clearly exhibit every feature of 
the machine which forms the subject of a claim of inven- 
tion, but should not include other matter than that covered 
by the actual invention or improvement, unless it be 
necessary to the exhibition of the invention in a working 
model. 

"58. The model must be neatly and substantially 
made of durable material, metal being deemed prefera- 



80 DEAFTING ROOM METHODS 

ble; but when the material forms an essential feature of 
the invention, the model should be constructed of that 
material. 

''59. A working model may be required if necessary 
to enable the office fully and readily to understand the 
precise operation of the machine. 

''60. In all applications which have become aban- 
doned, the model, unless it be deemed necessary that it 
be preserved in the office, may be returned to the appli- 
cant upon demand and at his expense; and the model 
in any pending case of less than one year's standing may 
be returned to the applicant upon the fihng of a formal 
abandonment of the apphcation, signed by the appli- 
cant in person and any assignee. (See Rule 171.) 

"Models belonging to patented cases shall not be taken 
from the office except in the custody of some sworn em- 
ployee of the office specially authorized by the Com- 
missioner. 

'^61. Models filed as exhibits in contested cases may be 
returned to the parties at their expense. If not claimed 
within a reasonable time, they may be disposed of at 
the discretion of the Commissioner." 



PATENT OFFICE PRACTICE 81 

(No Model.) 2 Sheets— Sheet 1. 



No. 572,651. 



W. A. COLLINS. 

DREDGING BDOKET. 

Patented Deo. 8, 1896. 



/' 



X 



/ 



:i^,i. 



f^A .Vy/f^^W 






Y. ^Ur^, 'V^g-.i 




Ciy 







/u^^^^^^ 



Typical Patent Office Drawing 



82 DRAFTING ROOIM METHODS 

(Ko Model.) „ . ^«..,„^ 2 Sheets-Sheet 3. 

W. A. COLLINS. 

DREDGINa BUCKET. 

No. 572,651. Patented Dec. 8, 1896. 











^i'^****?-^^^ 



4 ^:,. 




Typical Patent Office Drawing 




£Jbow 



CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS 



PIPE FITTINGS 







Tee 



Cross 



-^I^ 



Coup/ing 



Union 



^i3& H^3- -^p- -^EIN 



^/angecl Unions F/anged Tee 



-€lfc- ^^^ ~^^~ 

i 

Sere tv I/a/ye F/angec/ HtUe ^n^/el/ir/ue Gate yia/ye 



fe 




^^- -^^ 



Plug Cock 6yrmgChecAM& Lift Check l/alve 



k-. 



SINGLE line: symbols 



r\ M l ■ I II a M [J] 5—0^ — 6 

Blbotv lee Cross Coup- F/ange Scr&iv 6/phe- Ch&:A /Jng/e 
Jin^. Onion Union i/a/t^e Vo/^e l/'a'7k'& 



83 



CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR RIVETING 
Reproduced by permission from ''Cambria." 



Shop Field 



Two Full Heads 

Countersunk Inside (Farside) and Chipped 

Countersunk Outside (Nearside) and Chipped 
Countersunk both sides and Chipped 



O 



a^ 



Inside Outside Both 
(Farside) (Nearside) Sides 




Flattened to Y high or Countersunk and not Chipped 



00 

Flattened to \" high fj) (j {^ 

Flattened to r high Q/) (^ 



This system, designed by F. C. Osborn, C. E., has for 
foundation the diagonal cross to represent a countersink, 
the blackened circle for a field rivet, and the diagonal 
stroke to indicate a flattened head. The position of the 
cross, with respect to the circle (inside, outside, or both 
sides), indicates the location of the countersink and, sim- 
ilarly, the number and position of the diagonal strokes 
indicate the height and position of the flattened heads. 

Any combination of field, countersunk and flattened head 
rivets Uable to occur may be readily indicated by the proper 

combination of above signs. 

84 



CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS — BREAKS 
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL 



Round bar of metaL Section end accord- 
ing to material as given under cross- 
sections. 



'^~2£d. 



XS MS. 



Tube or pipe. Section end as above. 



T:i^Aj(^0a^e__\ 



Rectangiilar bar of metal. Section end 
as above. 



V7^: 



i/yj. 



Hollow metal pipe or duct. Section end 
as above. 



r 



cj.-^x2'l.a 






Breaks in rolled shapes usually shown by 
blacking ends in solid. 



\ 3"A3X§-L. I "* 



When number of pieces are not called for 
— mark this way. 






When number of pieces are called for, J / >!'•#• 



mark this way. 



L 



2Cf/0-/.5 



r 



Rail — New or Relayers. 



1 -fi-eo'^/^a//. T 



Round Timber. 



-{ 



6 ax/o K/? 



Square Timber. 



{ 



6^8-^0'^/? 



Plank. 



a'x/d-/^-' Sp. 



Timber — Usually rough or standing. 
Lumber — Sawn or worked timber. 
Kind — Round, square, plank, etc. 
Finishes — R. = Rough Dr. = Dressed 

S4S = Surfaced 4 Sides. 

S2S & 1 E = Surfaced 2 Sides and 1 edge, etc. 

85 



THREADS AND TAPPED HOLES 

Threads and Tapped Holes. — For dimensions of all 
kinds of bolts, screws, etc., and much valuable tool and 
shop information which should be in the hands of every 
draftsman, reference should be made to the handbooks. 

There is some difference noted in showing tapped 
holes, and similarity in showing counterbored and 
tapped holes. The following examples will at least make 
a distinction there. 



€> 




C_-F--i 



Tm 



t-ii^ 



I 



b::| 



^- 



I 
I 
I I 



Tapped 
holes 



Counterbored 
holes 



Counterbored 
and tapped holes 



86 



TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS 



The following symbols are used by the U. S. Geological 
Survey and, with the explanatory text, have been re- 
produced from a typical U. S. topographic map. 

The features shown on these atlas sheets or maps may 
be classed in three groups — (1) water, including seas, lakes, 
rivers, canals, swamps, and other bodies of water; (2) 
relief, including mountains, hills, valleys, and other ele- 
vations and depressions; (3) culture (works of man), 
such as towns, cities, roads, railroads, and boundaries. 
The conventional signs used for these features are shown 
below, with explanations. 

All water features are printed in blue, the smaller 
streams and canals in full blue lines and the larger streams, 
lakes, and the sea in blue water-lining. Intermittent 
streams — those whose beds are dry at least three months 
in the year — are shown by lines of dots and dashes. 

Relief is shown by contour lines in hrown. A con- 
tour on the ground passes through points that have the 
same altitude. One who follows a contour will go neither 
uphill nor downhill but on a level. The contour lines 
on the map show not only the shapes of the hills, moun- 
tains, and valleys but also their elevations. The line of 
the seacoast itself is a contour line, the datum or zero 
of elevation being mean sea level. The contour at, say, 
twenty feet above sea level would be the shore line if the 
sea were to rise or the land to sink twenty feet. On a 
gentle slope this contour is far from the present coast; 
on a steep slope it is near the coast. Where successive 

87 



88 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



contour lines are far apart on the map they indicate a 
gentle slope; where they are close together they indicate 
a steep slope; and where they run together in one line 
they indicate a cliff. 

The manner in which contour lines express altitude, 
form, and grade is shown in the figure below. 





The sketch represents a river valley between two hills. 
In the foreground is the sea, with a bay that is partly 
inclosed by a hooked sand bar. On each side of the val- 
ley is a terrace into which small streams have cut narrow 
gullies. The hill on the right has a rounded summit 
and gently sloping spurs separated by ravines. The 



TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS 89 

spurs are truncated at their lower ends by a sea cliff. 
The hill on the left terminates abruptly at the valley 
in a steep scarp. It slopes gradually back away from 
the scarp and forms an inclined table-land, which is tra- 
versed by a few shallow gullies. On the map each of 
these features is indicated, directly beneath its position 
in the sketch, by contour lines. 

The works of man are shown in black, in which color 
all lettering also is printed. Boundaries, such as those 
of a State, county, city, land grant, township, or reser- 
vation, are shown by continuous or broken lines of different 
kinds and weights. Public and through roads are shown 
by fine double lines; private and poor roads by dashed 
double lines; trails by dashed single lines. 




w 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



C U LTURE 
fPr/nteo/ in Black) 



\^m 



£ 



City or Vi llage Roads and Buildings Metaled Road 

(disfinguisheal on 
rscent maps only) 



Private or 
Secondary Road 




Trail or Path 



* — I I I I I I — I — H 



I I I I I I I I 



Railroads Electric Railroad 




Tunnel 



^^^M 



Wharves 




Breakwater 
and Jetties 



illi 



Bridges 



■1 



Drawbridges 



Ferry 

(Point Upstream) 



Ford 



! 


Ill 




ii 


1 





Dam 



Canal Lock 
[Point up Stream) 



-+- 



+--- 



U.S. Township and 

Section Lines 
ond located Corners 



State Line County Line 



Civil Township 
or District Line 



T?eservation Line Land Grant Line City Village or 

Borough Line 



Small Park or 
Cemetery Line 





Triangulation or 

Primary Traverse 

Monument 



U. 5. Mineral 
Monument 



Boundary 
Monument 




Bench Mark 
(Temporary bench mark 
shown by brown cross and 
black figures without 
lettering) 



TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS 



91 




Cemeteries 




Mine orXJuarry 



CULTURE 

(Confmuea() 




Church , School 

(Di's tinguished on 

recent Maps) 




Prospect 



Coke Ovens 




Shaft 



O 



O O 



O O o 
O O O 



Oil Wells 




Mine Tunnel 
(Showing Direction) 



A 



Mine Tunnel 
(Direction Unitnown^ 



^ 



^ 



Light-Ship Lighthouse or Beacon Life -Saving Station 



92 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



RELIEF 
(Pr/nteo/ in Brown) 



SU63 




(^2^ 



Figures Contours 

{Showing heights (Showing height 

above mean sea above sea, horizontal 
level instrumentally form, and steepness 
determined) of slope of the surface) 



Depression 
Contours 




Wash 





CI if fs 



Mine D u mps 



WATER 

{Printed in Blue) 



^.^^i;:;«'/%i%5^ 



Levee 



Sand cind Sand 
Dunes 




'M£. 




Streams Falls and Rapids 



Intermittent 

Streams and 

Ditches 



Canals or Ditches 



Aaueducts or 
Waterpipes 





Ao|ueduct Tunnel Lake or Pond 



Unsurveyed 
Streams and 
abandoned Canals" 







<UlL-l 



\ 



Intermittent Lake Glacier 

(Or shown by contours 
printed in Blue) 



Spring 




Salt Marsh 



-•ill. - 




ir^ - ^^ 






jik 




Z' 





Fresh Marsh 



Grassy Pond 

WOODS 
(jA/hen shown, printed in Oreen) 



Tida^ Flat 



PART III 

FORMS 



FORM SIZES 
DRAWING SIZES 
APPLICATION BLANK 
ARRANGEMENT OF DRAWING 
BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT 

RECORD 
PRINT RECORD 
PATTERN RECORD 



INDEX CARDS 
MATERIAL LIST 
SPECIFICATIONS 
ORGANIZATION CHART 
RUBBER STAMPS 
TITLES 

WORK SCHEDULE 
WORK ORDERS 



FORM SIZES 
Forms should be made on SJ " X 11 " sheets, or fractions 



or multiples of this size, as: 



1 // 



X 






O2 X <J2 

8^" X 11'' 
11 ' X 17" 
17 ' X 22" 

Each form should have a number assigned to it for 
record in a form record book. This book is preferably 
8|" X 11'' size and a sample of each form should be pasted 
in it and records of numbers printed and printing costs kept. 

It is- advisable to have all new forms first made on type- 
writer and copies multigraphed for trial if size permits. 
Changes can then be made before final printing. An 
example is the application blank following. If the form 
is too large for this method, then a tracing can be made and 
Van Dyke prints, which give blue fines on a white ground,, 
made from that for trial. 

DRAWING SIZES 



A^/p/r 


OyER ALL 


MARGIN 


TITLE 


SQ.FT 


MIGHT 


LENGTH 


^ 


di 


// 




/ix4 


i 


B 


J2 


/<9 




2sx4i 


// 


C 


/8 


24 


i 


2gX4^ 


3 


D 


24- 


36 


# 


2^x4i 


6 


£ 


JO 


-5^/ 


£■ 


2ix4i 


af 



95 



APPLICATION 



Name of company Department 

Number Date Position applied for . 

Name Address 



Schools or colleges attended. 



From 



To 



Courses 



Degrees 



Languages spoken •• Written .... 

RECORD OF FORMER AND PRESENT EMPLOYMENT 



LAST FOUR POSITIONS 



Fro 
Month 


m 
Year 


To 
Month 


Year 


Name of 
Employer 


Head of 
Dep't. 


Address 


1 














9 






\ 








Q 








\ 






4 















(Give kind of work done in each position on back of this sheet.) 

Can we refer to all? . . .^7^^-^r^. If not, indicate three 

E,eason for leaving last position 

When available • 

Salary expected Last salary received 

Date of birth Place of birth 

Height Weight Married 

Are you a citizen of the United States? 

Ever employed by this company? If so, when? 

Describe any special experience or training that you have had 



Engaged Date . 



, Rate . 



Filed Rejected, 



96 



RJf^/^LL SHEETS £XC€Pr/^: 















M/1TE/?//fL UST 




PMN 


t 
1 

1 

_L 










. 




li 




r 








S/DE 

ElEy/?T/OA/ 


1 


E/V/P 

ELEmrioN 
























TITLE 



lyPiC/IL t'V<P/lN6EMENT0r/^ 'SHEET 



... , 






L 




T/TLE 





97 



BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT RECORD 

(Name of company) 

Plant Date • 

Section Product 

Building No Size Stories 

Type Roof 

Construction Materials 

Kind of Foundation 



CONNECTIONS 



Comp. Air Electric Gas Sewer Steam Water 



Railroad station Distance. . . 

Telephone exchange Number. 







EQUIPMENT 






Name 


No. in use 


Maker's no. 


Kind 


Size 


Type 























































































































Remarks . 



Compiled . 



Checked Approved, 

98 



DRAWING AND PATTERN RECORD BOOKS 



t 
** 

.41 









Q 

cr 



u 
111 
o: 

Z 

IT 
U 

I- 
< 









u 
or 

Z 
u 

!- 

I- 
< 

CL 



99 



INDEX CARDS 



(/na/kx letter) 


[3*>ct/Of^ n"^ ff/e) 






PLANT 


PART 


OESCWPTION 


DW£.NO. 



























































































































(/nc/ex /efferj { By /^rf/c/es or /Vaf7c/;Src^rers) 


MAMt 


ARTICLE 


NO. 

























































PRINT ORDFR . . -- {^^tej 19 


S?Mr' owe. NO. 


REQUir?CD BY 


FOR RtCEIVED BY 










1 














1 


1 




1 


1 













































100 







1 ' ' 




ji 














< 














H 





























h 
























1 ' ^ 














' VJ 








o 






' ; ^ 




z 




UI 

> 






' k 




o 




S 






1 ' ^ 




i 




a. 






: '-1 




i 






K 




1 ' c< 




111 
O 




1 


to 




, vi 










-4 




^ ■ 








1 


i 




It ; ; < 

^ ^ o. 0. X 






• 






il 




1 

1 




1^ 1 ' 

Q ' , 1 








1 












o 






^^: ; 1 1 

' 1 1 

I ' 1 

* 1 ' 
1 1 




5i 

< " 




■1 

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I 
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1 1 
. 1 ' 















«< . < 


-z 


2 










r 





«' 








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0> 


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a 
Ji 




< 

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ORG 
Date. 


5 

Of 

Ui 






I 



o 


0> 

■z. 












t: 














dS 



















101 



O 

< 

O 
t— I 

o 

Ph 






1 




w 




> 




o 




V. 




0. 




a. 




< 




-0 




« 




^ 




u 




V 




je: 




O 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 




] 
1 
i 

! 

1 




£ 




^ 


o 



102 





ORGANIZATION CHART 

- 






c 




—I 


— 






O 
Z 




UJ 

X 

o 

kJ 




— r 


- 



















o 
















^ 


. 


^ 


* 






X 




I 


















1 












o 












o 












































0^ 
















- 




CI 




111 
















11 








z 







; 


» 












■ 




— 




' 




o 




< 
















z 
kJ 

)- 

(0 






a: 

J 





lU 


z 






f^ 






















ll 




1 












o 

u 

-I 

Ll 


1- 

< 


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10 

2 
















a: 


-J 


n 












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< 

o 




z 
< 

z 


* 


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kj 




< 


















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7 


u 

z 






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111 




< 












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C5 

z 






1- 
u. 




^ 
^ 




i. 




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< 




^ 


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tu 
I 

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liJ 


















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< 




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< 












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o 


1- 

1/3 
< 






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I 
0. 

ir 


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ki 
III 




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10 




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a 
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a. 




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z 












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z 
< 














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103 



RUBBER STAJMP FORMS 

Scale Half Size 



Filing Deffartment s1amp 
for fore/yn j?r/nta. 



(Company Name) 
ENGINEERING DEPARTME^^■, ..C/y<i?CC^. 

RECEIVED.... ^i%J 

DPAFTING ROOM FILE N? 



Stamp for ^r/nta seni' 



PRELIMINARY PRINT 



Stamp /hrffre /}rst 
pr/ft/frvm o//7hicmgs 
wc/uc///ja rey/s/o/7^: 



RECORD PRIHT 

Nottfl be laken from 1% Dept. 



stamp ^r yo/cf c/ram/T^s, 
^/yi»^ frame of /person 
avtJior/z/rtq carrce/tat^cnj 
ant/ the S(//xrsec//if 
ctrarr/rt^ /V* 



o<7fc;. i9.„. By. Uc^f/?.ar/rj().. 

SUPERSEDED BY ..(.nra^/r?^.^ 



Stamp for ca//tny 
attent/orj To a 
fiey/sect Pr/n77 



L 



REVISED PRINT 



BESTHOY EARLIER REVISIONS 



104 





title: s 


■ 




1 








L 


, 


L 








^ 


o 


k 

i 

1 






^>l 


k . 


1 


a 


i. 


k 

1 
& 

Ul 
^ 
^ 

^ 


1 


k 


1 

1 




1 

1 






1 


1 


1 
^ 


<0 






1: 1 






^ 
^ 










1 
































o 








•^ 1 


"i 


h 


«0 

i 
















? 


" 


CM 


-«- — 




'JCX^J^O' 






» 


Jdifu/nuj^/ns- qi 


iH 


















, 


1 
—^ 


^ 


§ 
















^ 


M 


«^ 


^i 


Q 


ui 


u: 


<9 




























































: 


1 




















105 



o 
o 

o 

o 

< 
I 



u. 


schedule: 


UJ 

_I 
D 
Q 
hi 

I 

o 
7 


< 

ul 
ct: 














1 






















z 

II- 

o: 

a 


































a 

Id fi 

ffl u 

<i 


































o 

ul 

u 

z 

u 


u 


Q 


































> 




































o 

z 
h 

< 

Q 

1 
1 

1 

5 


Z 


h 

a. 
o 

10 

ul 

a 


































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< 

_i 

Ol 


































Li 
I 
< 

Z 


































o 

z 

o 



































106 



AVO/f/r ORDER rORM 



ENGINEERING DIVISION -WORK AUTHORIZATION 



Name _. _ _„^i, . 

Plant , 

OilwclerofWbrk. _ ^ ^ -. 

Au1h«nztJ by . . D«1i. 

Appn>pritfhen Approved . ^, Charje N« 



Locatie 



DIRECTIONS. 



FranTsicfe of firsTand seconc/ sheets. 
First sheets on cf/^sfincT/y^e paper arte/ 
priniee/ on hot/r s/t/es. ffeyerse ^/(/e- 
for c/raffsmans t/nre recorct. 
Seconc/ sheets on thm vyhiie poper 
suiitahle for manifo/t/ingisize Q^x/t 



I 



ForlWr iKformgfhiM "fo be supplied by 
Commenced .by .. » „ 



Dafe 



.Tocompfefe 
. Com^lelcBl . 



St 6N£0 .„_„. ..__^_^ DATE. ^ 



N? . 



107 



tv<7/f>f ORD£H ro/^M. {Reverse side) 



TITLES MUST APPEAR ON DRAWINGS AS HERE GIVEN 



Dvy^ Na 



Note* 



IF AOOmONALSPACEIS REQUtRED TOR DWC NOS. ETC. USE TWO SHEETS . 



DRAFTSM/\NS TIME RECORD 

UWDER KIND, IWSEKT KIND OF WORK A* PES., OWC.,TRC>, CtCg , REV. 



COMMCMCtD 



COMPLETED 



REM ARK.S 



RtTURNTHlS SHEET. PROPERLY FILLED OUT, WITH COMPLETED WORK. 



108 



PART IV 

MISCELLANEOUS TABLES 



BOLT STRESSES 

BOLTS AND NUTS 

BOLT THREADS 

WASHERS 

WEIGHT — STEEL BARS 

STUDS 

PIPE THREAD — BRIGGS 

PIPE SIZES 

BOILER TUBES 

PIPE FLANGES 

PIPE FITTINGS 



KEY-WAYS 
SHAFTING H.P. 
GAGES — SHEET 
GAGES — WIRE 
METRIC CONVERSION 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS 
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES 

OF CIRCLES 
REFERENCE BOOKS 



STRESSES IN BOLTS 

Tensile Stress at 10,000 lbs. per sq. in. at Root of "U.S." Thread. 
Shearing Stress at 8000 lbs. per sq. in. on Full Diam. 



Size 


T. S. 


Shear 


Size 


T. S. 


Shear 


1 
4 


216 


392 


If 


17,460 


19,243 


5 


450 


608 


n 


20,510 


22,088 


3 

8 


680 


880 


2 


23,020 


25,136 


tV 


930 


1,200 


2i 


30,230 


31,808 


1 


1,260 


1,568 


2i 


37,190 


39,272 


A 


1,620 


1,984 


2| 


46,200 


47,520 


5 

8 


2,020 


2,456 


3 


54,280 


56,552 


3 
4 


3,020 


3,536 


3i 


65,100 


66,368 


7 
8 


4,200 


4,808 


3i 


75,480 


76,968 


1 


5,500 


6,680 


o3 
^4 


86,410 


88,363 


H 


6,940 


7,952 


4 


99,630 


100,528 


1| 


8,930 


9,816 


4i 


113,403 


113,488 


If 


10,570 


11,880 


44 


127,750 


127,232 


14 


12,950 


14,136 


4i 


142,150 


141,768 


i| 


15,150 


16,592 


5 


157,600 


157,080 



Tensile Stress at 10,000 lbs. per sq. in. at Root of " V " Thread. 



Size 


Area at Root 
of Thread 


T. S. 


Size 


Area at Root 
of Thread 


T. S. 


1 
4 


.021 


210 


If 


1.547 


15,470 


5 
T6 


.036 


360 


i| 


1.744 


17,440 


3 

8 


.056 


560 


2 


2.051 


20,510 


7 
1 6 


.077 


770 


2i 


2.746 


27,460 


1 

2 


.099 


990 


24 


3.365 


33,650 


9 
T6" 


.137 


1,370 


2| 


4.227 


42,270 


5 

8 


.172 


1,720 


3 


4.948 


49,480 


3 

4 


.261 


2,610 


3i 


5.983 


59,830 


7 
8 


.366 


3,660 


3i 


6.928 


69,280 


1 


.481 


4,810 


3f 


7.892 


78,920 


li 


.605 


6,050 


4 


9.186 


91,860 


li 


.786 


7,860 


4i 


10.460 


104,600 


1* 


.926 


9,260 


44 


11.760 


117,600 


14 


1.152 


11,520 


i'i 


13.140 


131,400 


14 


1.284 


12,840 


5 


14.590 


145,900 



For diameters at root of thread see following tables. 

Ill 



112 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



The foUomng cuts and information relative to bolts, 
nuts, washers and weights of steel have been reproduced 
by permission of the Upson Nut Co. 

U. S. STANDARD THREADS, BOLTS, AND NUTS 

The tap drill diameters in the table provide for a shght clearance at the root of the thread 
in order to facilitate tapping and reduce tap breakages. If full threads are required, use the 
diameters at the root of the threads for the tap drill diameters instead. 





S'o. ot 

Th'ds 

Per 

Inch 


Diam. 

at 
Root 

of 
Thread 


Area in 
Sq. Inches 


Dimensions of Nuts and Bolt Heads 






,/R\ 


<8> 


' — 




Diam. 

of 

Bolt 


Of 


AtRt. 
of 


^ 


1 — 


k 


<- ^- 




\:^ 


© 








Bolt 


Th'd 

[ 


(o) 




JV^ 


■*■ •>) 


«--* 




1 
4 


20 


0.185 


0.049 


0.027 


\ 0.578 


0.707 


1 
4 


1 

4 


5 
T6 


18 


0.240 


0.076 


0.045 


i|- 0.686 


0.840 


5 


il 


3 
8 


16 


0.294 


0.110 


0.068 


H 0.794 


0.972 


3 
8 


i^ 


iV 


14 


0.345 


0.153 


0.093 


25 
"32" 


0.902 


1.105 


7 


2 5 


1 
2 


13 


0.400 


0.190 


0.126 


7 
8 


1.011 


1.237 


1 
2 


A 


A 


12 


0.454 


0.248 


0.162 


M 


1.119 


1.370 


A 


31 
F4 


5 

8 


11 


0.507 


0.307 


0.232 


ItV 


1.227 


1.502 


5 

8 


1 7 
"3^ 


3 

4 


10 


0.620 


0.442 


0.302 


li 


1.444 


1.768 


3 

4 


5 

8 


7 
8 


9 


0.731 


0.601 


0.419 


ItV 


1.660 


2.033 


7 
8 


23 

32" 


1 


8 


0.838 


0.785 


0.551 


1^ 


1.877 


2.298 


1 


1 3 
T¥ 


IJ 


7 


0.939 


0.994 


0.694 




2.093 


2.563 


14 


29 
3 2 


l\ 


7 


1.064 


1.227 


0.893 


2 


2.310 


2.828 


li 


1 


If 


6 


1.158 


1.485 


1.057 


O 3 


2.527 


3.093 


If 


1 3 
J^32 


li 


6 


1.283 


1.767 


1.295 


2f 


2.743 


3.358 


li 


ifV 


^8 


5i 


1.389 


2.074 


1.515 


2fk 


2.960 


3.623 


J^8 


1/2 


If 


5 


1.490 


2.405 


1.746 


2| 


3.176 


3.889 


If 


J^8 


If 


5 


1.615 


2.781 


2.051 


2\i \ 3.393 


4.154 


li 


1 1 5 


2 


4* 


1.711 


3.142 


2.302 


Si I 3.6:9 


4.419 


2 


lA 


2i 


4i 


1.961 


3.976 


3.023 


3i '■ 4.043 


4.949 


2\ 


If 


2i 


4 


2.175 


4.909 


3.719 


3i 


4.476 


5.479 


2i 


lis 


2f 


4 


2.425 


5.940 


4.620 


4i 


4.9:9 


6.010 


2f 


^8 


3 


3i 


2.629 


7.C69 


5.428 


4| 


5.342 


6.540 


3 


2t% 


3i 


3i 


2.879 


8.296 


6.510 


5 


5.775 


7.C70 


3i 


2J 


3* 


3i 


3.100 


9.621 


7.548 


5f 


6.2G8 


7.600 


3| 


2j^ 


3f 


3 


3.317 


11.G45 


8.641 


5i 


6.641 


8.131 


3| 


2| 


4 


3 


3.567 


12.566 


9.963 


6i 


7.074 


8.661 


4 


3tV 


4i 


2| 


3.798 


14.186 


11.340 


6* 


7.508 


9.191 


4i 


3i 


4i 


2f 


4.028 


15.904 


12.750 


6| 


7.941 


9.721 


i\ 


3tV 


4| 


2f 


4.255 


17.721 


14.215 


7I 

'4 


8.374 


10.252 


4^ 

*4 


3f 


5 


2i 


4.480 


19.635 


15.760 


'8 




8.807 


10.782 


5 


ql 3 



BOLT THREADS 



113 



Forms and Dimensions of Threads 






United States Standard 


V Standard 


: Whitworth Standard 


S.A. 
A.L. 


E. & 
A.M. 


Diam. 
Inches 


Threads 

per 

• Inch 


Diam. 
at Root 

of 
Thread 


Width 
of Flat 


Threads 
per 
Inch. 


Diam. 
at Root 

of 
Thread 


Threads 
per 
Inch 


Diam. 
at Root 

of 
Thread 


Radius 
Inch 


Threads 
per 
Inch 


Diam. 
at Root 
. of 
Thread 


M 


20 


,185 


.0062 


20 


.163 


20 


.186 


.0069 


28 


.2036 


5 

16 


18 , 


.240 


.0069 


18 


;216 


18 


.241 


.0076 


24 


.2584 


% 


16 


.294 


.0078 


16 


.267 


16 


.295 


.0086 


24 


,32G& 


^ 


14 


.345 


.0089 


14 


.314-14 


.346 


.0098 


20 


.3726 


y^ 


13 .400 


.0096 


12- 


.356 


12 


.393 


.0114 


20 


.4351 


_9. 
16 


12 


.454 


.0104 


12 


,418 


12 


.456 


.0114 


18 


.4903 


^ 


11 


.507 


.0114 


11 


.468 


11 


.508 


.0125 


18 


.5528 


11 

16 


. , 






... - 




, . 




.... 


16 


.6063 


% 


10 


.620 


.0125 


10 


.577 


10 


.622 


.0137 


16 


.6688 


% 


9 - 


.731 


.0139 


9 


.683 


9 ' 


.732 


.0152 


14 


- ,7822 


Vs 




. . . 


. . . .- 


. . 




. , 


. . . 


i . . . 


18 


.8028 


1 


8 


.838 


.0156 


8 


-.783 


8 


.840 


.0176 


12 


.8918 


1 




. . . 


.... 






• • 




• > . . 


14 


.9072 


IH 


7 


.939 


.0179 


7 .. 


.878 


-7 


.942 


.0196 


12 


1.0168 


IM 


7 


1.064;. 0179 i, 7 


1.003 


7 . 


1.067 


.0196 


12 


1.1418 


1^ 


6 


1.159,. 0208. 6 


1.086 


L_6 


1.161 


0229 


12 


1.2668 


1^ 


6 


1.284 1.0208; 6 


1.211 


6 


1.286 


.0229 


12 


1.3918 


m 


5^ 


1.389 


.0227! 5 


1.279 


A ■ 


1.368 


.0275 


, , 


• • « • • 


m 


5 


1.490 


.0250 i 5 


1.404 


5 


1.494 


.0275 


, , 


« • • • • 


VA 


5 


1.615 


.0250! 41/^ 


1.490 


4>^ 


1.590 


.0305 




• • • • « 


2 


.43^ 


1.711 


.0278 


41^ ,1.616 


m 


1.715 


.0305 


; , 


• • • • • 


2M. 


4M 


1.961 


.0278 


43^ 1 1.87 


4 


1.930 


.0343 


■ , ■ 


..... 


2>^ 


4 


2.175 1.0313 


4 J2.07 


4 


2.180 


.0343 


• ... 





2M 


4 


2.425 


.0313 


4 


2.32 


31/^ 


2.384 


.0393 






3 


31/^ 


2.629 


.0357 33^ 


2.51 


^y?. 


2.634 


.0393 






3K 


3K 


2.879 


.0357 


33^ 2.76 


314 


2.856 


.0422 






3>^ 


3M. 


3.100 


.0385 


3K 


2.97 


.3M 


3.105 


.0422 


./. 


k • •' « « 


3M 


3 


3.317 


.0417 


3 3.17 


3 


3.320 


.0458 


, , 


• k • • • 


4 


3 


3.567 


.0417 


3 


3.42 


3 


3.573 


.0458 


. . . 





S. A. E. (Society of Automobile Engineers) Standard and A. L. A. M. 
(Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers) Standard ■ threads 
are same angle and shape as United . States Standard, differing 'only in 
number of threads per inch. 



114 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



United States Standard Thread 




p = pitch =■ 



1 



No. threads per inch 
Formula -j d = depth =pX. 64952 

P 
f = flat= — 

8 



Sharp ♦*¥'' Thread 



-» — p— 




I 1 

I p = j:)itch= — 

Formula { No. threads per inch 



d = depth = pX. 80003 



Whitworth Standard Thread 



K^-s.— P----H 




1 



J) = pitch =■ 



Formula -! 



No. threads per inch 
(i = depth = pX. 04033 
b = radius = J) X . 1373 



Acme Standard Screw Thread 




Formula 



p = pitch = 



1 



No. threads per inch 
d = depth = 3^p+.010 
b = flat on top of thread = pX. 3707 



WASHERS 



115 



Cast Washers 

Government (O. G.) Standard 



Diameter 
^Inches 


Hole 
Inches 


Thickness 
Inches 


Bolt 
Inches 


Weight 
Pounds 


^2K 


^ 


11 

16 


Yi 


y2 


2M 


M 


H 


Vs 


% . 


3 


K 


16 


Ya 


Va 


3H 


1 


Vs 


% 


134 


4 


1^ 


15 

1 fi 


1 


m 


43^ 


m 


1 


1)^ 


2K 


5 


m 


m 


m 


8 


6 


m 


13^ 


W2 


5 



Standard Wrought Washers 

U. S. Standard Sizes 







In effect January 20. 1910 






Diameter 
Inches 


Hole 
Inches 


Thickjiess of 
Wire Gauge 
(Birming- 
ham) No 


Bolt 
Inches 


Price ter 

Lb. in 200 

Lb. Kegs 

Cents 


Number 
in 100 
Pound 


Weight pet 

1.000 

Pieces 

Pounds 


A 


V^ 


18 


A 


14. 


39 400 


2 53 


% 


5 
16 


16 


1^ 


12.2 


15 600 


6.4 


% 


3/^ 


16 


^ 


11.4 


11.250 


88 


1 


7 
IB 


14 


ys 


10.5 


6 800 


14.7 


, 1'^ 


1/2 


14 




9.8- 


4.300 


21. 


m 


A 


12 


^ 


9.4 


2,600. 


38.4 


13^ 


^/^ 


12 


^ 


9.3 


2,250 


44.4 


m 


H 


10 


^/^ 


9.2 


1.300 


77.. 


2 


If. 


.9 


H 


9.1 


900 


111. 


2K 


15 


8 


y^ 


9. 


782 


153. 


23^ 


ll^ 


8 


1 


9. 


568 


176. 


2M 


IM 


8 


13^8 


9. 


473 


211. 


3 


P/^ 


8 


11^ 


.9.2 


364 


261. 


3^ 


13^ 


7 


VA 


9.2 


275 


364. 


3>^ 


1^/^ 


7 


l\4 


9.2 


156 


390. 


3% 


IM 


7 


IV^ 


9.5 


220 


454. 


4 


VA 


7 


\Va 


9.5 


197 


508. 


4^ 


2 


7 


VA 


9.5 


174 


575. 


43^ 


2^ 


7 


2 


9.5 


160 


625. 


4^ 


2^ 


5 


21/i 


10.5 


122 '■' 


-820. 


5 


2^ 


4 


23^ 


10.5 106 


943. 



116 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



Weights of Round, Square and Hetagon Steel 



Weight of one Cubic Inch =.2836 lbs. 


Weight of one Cubic Foot = 


= 490 lbs. 


Thick- 
ness or 


Round 


Square 


Hexagon 


Thick- 
ness or 


Round 


Square 


Hexagon 


Weight 


Weight 


Weight 


Weight 


Weight 


Weight 


DianiBter 


per 


per 


per 


Diameter 


per 


per 


per 




Inch 


Inch 


Inch 




Inch 


Inch 


Inch 


1 


.0002 


.0003 


.0002 


VA 


^ .7831 


.9970 


.8635 


^ 


;0009 


.0011 


.0010 


m 


.8361 


1.0646 


.9220 


■h 


.0020 


.0025 


.0022 


2 


.8910 


1.1342 


.9825 


% 


.0035 


.0044 


.0038 


2^ 


.9475 


1.2064 


1.0448 


■h 


.0054 


.0069 


.0060 


2K 


1.0058 


1.2806 


1.1091 


■3T 


.0078 


.0101 


.0086 


2i^ 


1.0658 


1.3570 


1.1753 


.0107 


.0136 


.0118 


2>i 


1.1276 


1.4357 


1.2434 


M 


.0139 


.0177 


.0154 


2A 


1.1911 


1.5165 


1.3135 


A 


.0176 


.0224 


.0194 


W^ 


1.2564 


1.6569 


1.3854 


tV 


.0218 


.0277 


.0240 


2^ 


1.3234 


1.6849 


1.4593 


H 


.0263 


.0335 


.0290 


23^ 


1.3921 


1.7724 


1.5351 


.0313 


.0405 


.0345 


2% 


1.5348 


1.9541 


1.6924 


H 


.0368 


.0466 


.0405 


2M 


1.6845 


2.1446 


1.8574 


, 7 
16 


.0426 


.0543 


.0470 


2% 


1.8411 


2.3441 


2.0304 


M 


.0489 


.0623 


.0540 


.3 


2.0046 


2.5548 


2.2105 


H 


.0557 


.0709 


.0614 


3K 


2.1752 


2.7719 


2.3986 


H 


.0629 


.0800 


.0693 


3^ 


2.3527 


2.9954 


2.5918 




.0705 


.0897 


.0777 


3K 


2.5371 


3.2303 


2.7977 


M 


.0785 


.1036 


.0866 


3M 


2.7286 


3.4740 


3.0083 


^ 


.0870 


.1108 


,095^ 


3^ 


2.9269 


3.7265 


3.2275 


i^ 


.0959 


.1221 


.1058 


3M 


3.1323 


3.9880 


3.4539 




.1053 


.1340 


.1161 


3% 


3.3446 


4.2582 


3.6880 


at 


.1151 


.1465 


.1270 


4 


3.5638 


4.5374 


3.9298 


5€ 


.1253 


.1622 


.1382 


4H 


3.7900 


4.8254 


4.1792 


H 


.1359 


.1732 


.1499 


4^ 


4.0232 


5.1223 


4.4364 


H 


.1470 


.1872 . 


.1620 


m 


4.2634 


5.4280 


4.7011 


H 


,1586 


.2019 


.1749 


4H 


4.5105 


5.7426 


4.9736 


J^ 


.1705 


.2171 


.1880 


m 


4.7645 


6.0662 


5.2538 


If 


.1829 


.2329 


.2015 


4M 


5.0255 


6.6276 


5.5416 


if 


.1958 


.2492 


.2159 


m 


■5.2935 


6.7397 


5.8371 


It 


.2090 


.2661 


.2305 


5 


5.5685 


7.0897 


6.1403 


1 


.2227 


.2836 


.2456 


5M 


5.8504 


7.4496 


6.4511 


li^ 


.2515 


.3201 


.2773 


5^ 


6.1392 


7.8164 


6.7697 


IK 


.2819 


.3589 


.3109 


53/^ 


6.4351 


8.1930 


7.0959 


li^ 


.3141 


4142 


.3464 


5K 


6.7379 


8.5786 


7.4298 


1^ 


.3480 


4431 


.3838 


5K 


7.0476 


8.9729 


7.7713 


1^ 


.3837 


.4885 


.4231 


5^ 


7:3643 


9.3762 


8.1214 


1^ 


.4211 


.5362 


.4643 


5^8 


7.6880 


9.7883 


8.4774 


li^ 


.4603 


.5860 


.5076 


6 


8.0186 


10.2192 


8.8420 


1^ 


.5012 


.6487 


.5526 


^H 


8.7007 


11.0877 


9.5943 


1^ 


.5438 


.6930 


.5996 


6H 


9.4107 


11.9817 


10.3673 


1^ 


.5882 


.7489 


.6480 


6^ 


10.1485 


12.9211 


11.1908 


IH 


.6343 


.8076 


.6994 


7 


10.9142 


13.8960 


12.0351 


1^ 


.6821 


.8685 


.7521 


7H 


12.5291 


15.9520 


13.8158 


IH 


-7317 


.9316 


.8069 


8 


14.2553 


18.1497 


15.7192 



Multiply above weights by 1.125 for high 
iron, .918 for cast iron 1,0331 for cast brass, 
for phosphor bronze. 



speed steel, .993 for wrought 
1.1209 for copper, and 1.1748 



PIPE THREADS 



117 



Formula of Standard Studs 





A = Diameter of Stud 

B-A + i^.in. 

C -A 

D .= Whole length of; Stud — (B + C) 

Thread on B is steam tight unless otherwise ordered 
Studs furnished in either U. Si Standard or V Threads 



The following information on pipe thread, pipe and 
boiler tubes has been taken, by permission, from Crane 
Company's catalogue. 

LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE THAT IS SCREWED INTO 
VALVES OR FITTINGS TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT 

Dimensions given do not allow for variation in tapping or threading 









Size 
Inches 


Dimension 

A 

Inches 


Size 
Inches 


Dimension 

A 

Inches 




1 
8 
1 
4 
3 
8 
1 
2 
3 

I 

2 

2i 
3 


1 

4 

3 

8 

3 

8 

1 

2 

1 

2 

9 
1 6 

5 

8 

5 

8 

1 1 
1 6 
15 
16 

1 


9I 

•-'2 

4 

44 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
12 


We 


K$§^$ 


m^^^:^^:^:^^^ 


^16 


Mi?:m^^;^mmJS?^M&ftg^ 


1 




H-A -> 




mmmmmmmmmm 




^ 


W^^^^^^:^ 


1 5 
^16 

If 
14 
If 





118 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 




n 



o 






a 

M w «3 

©«•§ 



o 

a 
o 

Q 



+ 
X 

+ 



o <=? 



X ^ ^^ 



+ 



I + + 

o <i « 

W3 ai w 

"rt "3 "rt 

3 3 3 

o* o" cr 

Q <B a 

<J « O Q 



C3 

3 
C 



PIPE THREADS 



119 






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H 



CO bC O 



T-iC<l(M(M(NC0C0C0C0'^'<*ii0c01>000^OT-i(MC0 



c3 -^3 M 


ffg^ 


S^3 


, ti 


c3h=^ ® 


^ ^ 
-« 


f> 0) £3 


^-ss 


03-^ fl 


cont 

hus 

mea 


•+J 


fl 0) ^H 


O-S^ 


§2| 


b CO o3 


3--I 


M 


, ' — 1 -•-= 


^ c3 ,„ 




OJ -t^ (V, 


© X rt 

-3 ^ ;h 







S ? 3 


03 O^i.S^ 




Sh C! 


:3.i=i 


02 . fl 


bC OJ ^ 


.S:g S 


-^^ 0) 


<A ^ u 


^^ 


9^ 02 03 


t^^ 


<y - , „ 


rj bC 


0.2.S 


+J Si 


ting 
lica 
sfer 


c3 »C 


a; Dh o3 


-^ ^-M 


g ® 


^ S § 


fl <u 


> '^■^ 


•i?s- 


I5l 


1^ . . C3 


ting 
ding 
erhe 


ima 
ccor 
sup 


+? o3 - 


CO " a 

„ a 


ci !=! s^ . 


1 -+J 02 


t» , -^^ 


! 3 >>=) 


OTE. 

omb 
ids b 
omp 


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124 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



AMERICAN STANDARD 

TEMPLATES FOR DRILLING STANDARD, LOW PRESSURE, MEDIUM 
AND EXTRA HEA\'Y FLANGED VALVES AND FLANGED FITTINGS 

EFFECTIVE JAXUAET 1, 1914 

These Drilling Templates are in multiples of four, so that fittings may be made 
to face in any quarter and bolt holes straddle the center hne. 

Bolt holes are drilled i inch larger than nominal diameter of bolts. 



00 

.s-g 

1— 1 


Diameter 

of Flanges 

Inches 


Thickness 

of Flanges 

Inches 




55 


3 1 
Is 

Ml 


^0 

^ 1 


Length of , 
Studs with 2 
Nuts, Inches 




Diameter 

of Flang(!s 

Inches 


Thickness 

of FhiiiKcs 

Inches 





Number 
of Bolts 


01 

■ ffll— 1 


H^ 

£2 


Length of 
Htuds with 2 
Nuts, Inches 


1 


i 
4 


fe 


3 


4 


tV 


n 




42 


53 


2f 


49i 


36 


If 


-h 


n 


u 


4i 


1 
2 


31 


4 


7 
T6 


ii 




44 


551 


2f 


51f; 


40 , 


If 


n 


9i 


H 5 


_9_ 

16 


31 


4 


1 ' 1 3 

2 1^4 




46 


571 


2ii 


53f 


40 ! 


If 


7i 


9i 


2 6 


5 

8 


41 


4 


5 1 
^ 1 


2 




48 


59i 


2f 


56 


44 ' 


If 


8 


n 


2i 7 


IT 
16 


H 


4 


5 
8 


2i 




50 


611 


21 


581 


44 


If 


8 


10 


3 ! 7| 


3 

4 


6 


4 


5 

8 


21 




52 


64 


2| 


601 


44 


If 


8 


101 


62 82 


if 


7 


4 


5 01 

8 -^2 




54 


66i 


3 


62f 


44 


If 


8* 


101 


4,9 


15 
16 


7^ 


8 


5 03 
8 ^i 




56 


68f 


3 


65 


48 


I4 


81 


101 


^\ n 


16 


71 


8 


1,3 


1 


58 


71 


31 


671 


48 


J^4 


9 


11 


5 10 


H 


8i 


8 


i 3 




60 


73 


3f 


691 


52 


If 


9 


11 


6 11 


1 


9i 


8 


3 q 

4 1 ^ 




62 


751 


H 


711 


52 


If 


9 


111 


7 


12i 


1^ 


lOf 


8 


3 q 

4 <J 




64 


78 


3i 


74 


52 


11 


9 


111 


8 


131 


H 


111 


8 


3 ' 01 

4 <34 




66 


80 


3f 


76 


52 


If 


9i 


m 


9 


15 


n 


131 


12 


3 ' 01 

4 1 <J4 


' 


68 


821 


3f 


781 


56 


u 


9* 


111 


10 


16 


ItV 


141 


12 


7 01 

8 ^2 




70 


841 


31 


801 


56 


If 


10 


12 


12 


19 


u 


17 


12 


7 03 

8 , 'JT 




72 


86| 


3^ 


821 


60 


11 


10 


12 


14 


21 


If 


18f 


12 


1 41 




74 


881 


3f 


841 


60 


11 


10 


12 


15 


22i 


If 


20 


16 


1 4i 




76 


90| 


3f 


861 


60 


If 


10 


12 


16 


231 


1 7 


2U 


16 


1 4i 




78 


93 


31 


88f 


60 


2 


101 


121 


18 


25 


1 9 
J^T6 


22f 


16 


11 4| 




80 


951 


31 


91 


60 


2 


lOf 


121 


20 


27J 


IH 


25 


20 


1| 5 




82 


971 


31 


931 


60 


2 


10* 


13 


22 


291 


i+f 


271 


20 


U 


51 




84 


99| 


31 


95§ 


64 


2 


10^ 


13 


24 


32 


i| 


29i 


20 


u 


51 




86 


102 


4 


97f 


64 


2 


11 


13 


26 


34i 


2 


311 


24 


u 


5f 




88 


1041 


4 


100 


68 


2 


11 


13 


28 


36i 


2^ 


34 


28 


u 


6 




90 


106^ 


41 


1021 


68 


2f 


111 


14 


30 


38f 


2i 


36 


28 


If 


61 




92 


1081 


4f 


1041 


68 


2f 


111 


14 


32 


411 


2i 


381 


28 


H 


6^ 




94 


111 


41 


1061 


68 


2f 


111 


14 


34 


431 


2tV 


401 


32 


H 


61 




96 


1131 


4i 


1081 


68 


n 


m 


141 


36 


46 


21 


42f 


32 


U 


7 




98 


115^ 


4.3 

^8 


llOf 


68 


2\ 


12 


141 


38 


481 


21 


45i 


1 32 


If 


7 


9 


100 


117f 


43 
^8 


113 


68 


21 


12 


141 


40 


50f 


2h 


47i 


: 36 

1 


If 


7 


9 














! 





PIPE FLANGES 



125 



FOR EXTRA HEAVY FLANGED VALVES AND FITTINGS 



03 

.s-g 

1— ( 


Diameter 

of Flanges 

Inches 


Thickness 

of Flanges 

Inches 


-2 






OXJ 


ffl 


Length of 
Studs with 2 
Nuts, Inches 


h- 1 


Diameter 

of Flanges 

Inches 


Thickness 
of Flanges . 
Inches 


Is 

if C 

pq 


'fl'3 


(0 
OJI— 1 


m 

g^ 

pq 


Length 
Studs with 2 
Nuts, Inches 


1 


4i 


a 


3i 


4 


1 
2 


2 




16 


251 


2i 


221 


20 


li 


6 




li 


5 


3 
4 


31 


4 


1 
2 


2J 




18 


28 


2f 


24f 


24 


u 


6i 




1| 


6 


1 3 

16 


4^ 


4 


8 


21 




20 


30i 


2| 


27 


24 


If 


61 




2 


6i 


7 
8 


5 


4 


5 
8 


2| 




22 


33 


2f 


291 


24 


ll 


7 




2h 


71 


1 


51 


4 


3 

4 


3 




24 


36 


2f 


32 


24 


1 ^ 

■■-8 


71 


n 


3 


8i 


u 


61 


8 


3 
4 


3i 




26 


38i 


211 


34i 


28 


1 ^ 
J^8 


8 


10 


31 


9 


1t\ 


71 
« 4 


8 


3 

4 


3i 




28 


40| 


2H 


37 


28 


If 


8 


10 


4 


10 


li 


71 


8 


3 

4 


3^ 




30 


43 


3 


39i 


28 


If 


81 


lOi 


4| 


lOi 


lA 


8^ 


8 


3 
4 


^ 




32 


45 i 


31 


4U 


28 


1| 


9 


11 


5 


11 


If 


9| 


8 


3 

4 


31 




34 


47i 


31 


43i 


28 


1| 


9 


m 


6 


12i 


IxV 


lOf 


12 


3 
4 


31 




36 


50 


3f 


46 


32 


1| 


91 


111 


7 


14 


li 


111 


12 


7 
8 


4 




38 


52i 


3tV 


48 


32 


1| 


9i 


111 


8 


15 


1 ^ 


13 


12 


7 
8 


4i 




40 


541 


3^ 


50i 


36 


1| 


10 


12 


9 


16i 


If 


14 


12 


1 


4f 




42 


57 


oil 

<JT6 


52f 


36 


11 


10 


12 


10 


171 


11 


15i 


16 


1 


5 




44 


59i 


31 


55 


36 


2 


lOi 


121 


12 


201 


2 


171 


16 


1| 


5| 




46 


6U 


31 


57i 


40 


2 


lOi 


13 


14 


23 


2i 


20i 


20 


1| 


51 




48 


65 


4 


601 


40 


2 


11 


13 


15 


24i 


2t% 


21i 


20 


u 


6 






















126 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



N 



H 

ce 
I 

en 

M 

H 
H 

M 

Q 

O 
% 

Q 



J.. 




o's 








\ 



N 
H 

a 
a 

H 
I 

c» 
O 

M 

H 
H 

M 

Qg 
Hi 

•<; as 

H 91 

" 

H 

o 

H 

M 







IS 



-<-^ 



zu 



Pr<- 



Zt 



o 




s 




g 




'St 




o 

CM 










?l 


s 




CM 




r 


CO 
CO 


s 


S 


IS 


o> 










ST 


5 


to 


to 


00 


S 


2 








o 


to 


CM 


«' 


% 


s 


S3 


CD 


t- 








^ 


■a- 




j^ 


to 


s 


CM 


5 


CD 








^ 


'ii 


CM 


■z: 


o 


s 


lO 
CM 


^ 


iC 


03 




o 


B 


CO 


M 


-» 


CO 


CO 


'S' 


O 


rj< 


to 


■«# 


Ci 


CO 

c^^ 


CO 


CM 


:? 


M 


CO 


?5 


I 


CO 


CO 


•# 

■* 


o>. 


to 

CM 


•^ 


CM 


;J 


s; 


■«3* 


?3 


S 


- 


<» 
^ 


o" 


a> 


CM 


CO 


-^ 


-' 


0] 


§ 


S 


CO 


o 


to 


S 


CO 


CM 


c? 


TO 


j^ 


o 


o 


00 


05 
C^ 


en 


CO 


lO 

CO 


oo 


g 


c^ 


H^ 


2: 


CO 


CO 


CO 


C! 


» 


s 


CM 


t> 


OS 


CM 


1-1 


5 


2 


o 


in 


•^ 


CO 


f 


S 


-rS 


CO 


S 


'V 


- 


3 


M 


■v 


If 


00 


i" 


CM 


to 


t> 


sf 


" 


- 


Tj« 


CO 


Tf 


CM 


-IN 


s? 


S 


to 




CM 


«. 


t-We 


M 


c^ 


M 


OJ 


t^ 


g 


CM 


in 


Tf* 


C» 


:^'' 


~ 


O 


Cvl 


in 


to 


CO 




£3 
CM 


in 


2J 


CO 


"C 


«, 


OS 


o 


o 


2 


CO 


s; 


ejT 


•^ 


^ 


in 


-:« 


:t 


00 


CO 


03 


-* 




gj 


E 


'^ 


^ 


CO 


:? 


•e|<e 


t- 


^ 


OC 


ST 


S" 


i" 


i" 


TJ" 


o 


oT 


5 


,;- 


to 


2 


00 


tr 


in 


00 


^ 


CO 


Ol 


:i 


- 


< 


l« 


in 


t^ 


c? 


Tf 


b- 


2 


CO 


00 


o 


X 


^ 


■<)•' 


■^ 


t- 


d? 


•<3< 


3r 


m" 


CO 




en 


5: 


-4f« 


■^ 


CO 


to 


05 


■«< 


lO 


CM 


CO 


b- 


ai 


-^- 


-1 


CO 


^ 


to 


3? 


CO 


•^ 


S* 


CO 


S" 


to 


5: 


•^ 


CO 


::! 


o 




CO 


CO 


O 


CO 


to 


c^ 


„« 


^NC 


Cvj 


o 


lO 


t- 


CO 


CM 


s 


ST 




c- 


12 


■^ 


«1 


a> 


^ 


to 


5? 


o 


00 


CM 




to 


«« 


H: 


IS 


CO 


•>* 


to 


CM 


o> 


t- 


CM 




in 


"S 


•vi 


t: 


t^ 


m 


-^ 


CM 


00 


to 


t: 




Tf" 


^ 


HS 


- 


t- 


CO 


•a 


■:s 


t- 


to 


"^ 




■a" 


•V 


-t 


g 




•o 
a 

d 

1 
i 

S? 
d I. 

< 

< 




1 

8 




•a 

8 

*^ t/i 
a ' 

O 

n 




M 

i 

o 

1 

D 

6 


V 

s 

C 




1 

i 

o 

« 

a 
o 


m 
"3 

o 

u 

a 

1 


CO 

s 

•o 

8 
o 

6 


1 

C 
tfl 

E 

c 




5 


1 


§ 
C 
tfl 

E 
c 


' 


: 

to : 

1 1 

■ 

1 i 

l« 



o 
o 






o 



PIPE FITTINGS 



127 



S 



.1. 



MiO«- 






i' 



^ 



Kii 





]K 



I 1 ' 



• „ <^j^ <-n 



i 




f 



jOd 



I 



U. 



j_<_^<_- 






























^ 


e4 




g 






■* 


in 








o 

CO 


CO 


CO 




s 


■a 


CO 
CM 


CO 


■* 








00 
CM 


'^^ 

§ 


CM 


'* 




s 


CO 


CM 


CO 
CO 


CO 








to 

CM 


i" 


CM 


5 




s 




i" 


s 


Ol 


S 


•* 


o 


CM 


to 

CO 


CM 


MW 




CM 


■* 


CM 


CO 


.7i 


s 


CO 


OJ 


CM 
CM 


CO 


CM 


5 




8 


OS 

CO 


» 


03 
CM 


s- 




o 


oo 


s 


1" 


CM 


3" 




00 


to 

CO 


2 


CO 
CJ 


o 


iri 


co 


oo 


a> 


00 

CM 


CM 


nts 




o 


CO 
CO 


CO 


CM 


o> 


^ 


CO 


t- 


00 


in 

CM 


W 


:? 




in 


CO 


ici 


CM 
CM 


« 


03 

CO 


CO 
CO 


to 


c~ 


i" 


CM 


< 




Tjl 


o 

CO 


in 


»-4 

CM 


» 1 ^ 


CO 


CD 


to 


CO 
CM 


CM 


■X 




CM 


CD 
C\J 


CO 


05 


00 


CO 
CO 


CM 


CO 


•* 


CM 


CM 


- 




o 


CO 


^ 


CO 


t- 


i" 


CM 


In' 


CM 


r- 


H« 


* 




05 


Cvj 


6 


in 


eo 


CM 


CM 
CM 


ifl 


S" 


co 


nw 


« 


in 

H 

ta 
u 


« 


s 


o 


■«" 


CO 


in 

CM 


1" 


lO 


;: 


in 


r 


3= 


t- 


CO 


03 


CM 


CO 


to 

CM 


<J> 


:?? 


o 


T)< 


s" 


3: 


to. 


C- 


00 


^ 


In 


C) 


r* 


"S" 


03 


CM 


i 


•M* 


E 


lO 


CO 


oo 


o 


lO 


00 


lO 


CO 


00 


S 


r 


3: 




■* 


\a 


t- 


o 


f 


OO 


•a" 


-4n 
CO 


t- 


6 


< 


«*D 


•>»• 


•« 


t- 


a> 


•* 


to 


CO 


CO 


l- 


o 


:? 


«. 





CO 


CO 


co 


00 


■«i> 


in 

'-I 


CM 


CO 


to 


■« 


< 


•s 


E 
M 
S 

5 


« 


(M 


CO 


t- 


CO 


^ 


S 


CO 


CD 


00 


i: 


•c 


M 


^ 


3? 


t- 


CO 


CO 


O 


CM 




c- 


- 


-p 


■J 
-< 


N 


o 


lO 


co 


CO 


S" 


a 


CM 




CD 


.* 


H. 


I 


:? 


a> 


•* 


<o 


N 


- 


oo 


CM 




CD 


a: 


- 




;i: 


CO 


-« 


lO 


CM 


c" 


i> 


CM 




in 


™, 


* 




r- 


00 


•»!< 


lO 


CM 


m" 


"S 


CM 




•>3< 


a: 


- 




ta 


tr 
a 

C 

^- 

c 
•c 

« 
c 

? 

c 

\ 

< 
< 


> 
3 


ta 

D 

•o 

d 

C] 

03 

8 

03 
tc< 

O 

■*-» 
t4 
(U 

+-> 
C! 

O 

< 


to 
3 

c3 

I 

S 

ca 
o 
® 

O 

n 


I 

w 
M 

C3 

(=« 
O 

a> 
+-> 

a 

a> 
O 

6 


"3 

i 

o 


ai 
"3 
s> 
a 

i 

o 

l-l 

a 
o 

M 


1 

2 
a 
)-) 

53 
O 

a 

03 

o 


03 

s 

3 
13 

93 
03 

O 
33 

6 


oi 

93 
M 

a 
o 

Li 

03 

03 

a 

es 
Q 


Si 

a 
E 
o 

03 

a 

o 
1 Eh 


>> 
■o 

« 



CO 

w 

03 

a 

V 

a 

•a 
® 

6 

3 

a 
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128 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



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130 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



The following tables of key-seats and shafting horse 
powers in use by the Dodge Sales and Engineering Co. 
are reproduced by permission. 



STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT KEY-SEATS 

IN SHAFTS 



-*|At_iB 





For Shafts 




For Wheels 




Diameter 


Key- 


way 


Diameter 

of 

Shaft 


Key- 


way 


of 
Shaft 


1 
A 1 
Width 


B 

Depth 


A 

Width 


B 

Depth 


^Vieto IV4 


V4 


Vs 


9^/l6 to IOV4 


2V2 


Vs 


IVieto 13/4 


Vs 


V16 


IOV16 to 111/4 


2V4 


^/s 


PVieto 2V4 


V2 


V4 


IIV16 to I2V4 


3 


Vs 


2Vi6to 2V4 


^'8 


V16 


I25/16 to 13V4 


31/4 


1 


213/16 to 3V4 


^U 


Vs 


13Vi6 to 141/4 


31/2 


1 


SVieto 33/4 


Vs 


V18 


14Vi6 to 151/4 


3V4 


1 


a^Vieto 41/4 


1 


^^2 


15Vi6 to I6I/4 


4 


1 


4Vi6to 43/4 


1\''8 


V16 


I6V16 to 171/4 


4V4 


1V4 


413/ieto 5V4 


l\/4 


Vs 


17Vi6 to I81/4 


41/2 


1\^4 


5Vi6to 53/4 


IVs 


^Vl6 


I8V16 to 191/4 


4V4 


IV4 


513/16 to 6 1/4 


IV2 


V4 


I95/16 to20V4 


5 


IV4 


eVieto 7V4 


IV4 


V4 


2OV16 to21V4 


51/4 


IV 2 


7Vi6to 71V16 


2 


V4 


2IV16 to 221/4 


51/2 


IV2 


8 to 8V4 


2 


V4 


22V16 to 231/4 


5V4 


IV2 


SVieto 9V4 


2V4 


Vs 


23Vi6 to 241/4 


6 


IV2 



KEY-WAYS 



131 



STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT KEY-WAYS IN HUBS 
OF COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES, PULLEYS, SHEAVES, ETC. 

That are to be fitted to shafts 

All Pulleys, Sheaves, etc., will be key-seated exactly the same as the shafts, 
as shown in the table opposite, when they are to be fitted to shafts, provided the 
bores of the pulleys, etc., do not exceed the limits shown below. 



Diameter 
Inches 


Bore 
Inches 


Diameter 
Inches 


Bore 
Inches 


Diameter 
Inches 


Bore 
Inches 


6 to 10 


3 


541/4 to 72 


6 


1441/4 to 168 


131/2 


IOV4 to 18 


3V2 


72V4 to 00 


7V2 


I681/4 to 192 


15 


I8V4 to 30 


4 


9OV4 to 108 


9 


1921/4 to 216 


I6V2 


3OV4 to 42 


4V2 


IO8V4 to 126 


101/2 


2I61/4 to 240 


18 


42V4 to 54 


5 


1251/4 to 144 


12 







Tapered Key-seats. — All pullej^s and sheaves will have 
straight key-ways unless specifically ordered otherwise. 

When tapered key-seats are used, the taper will be 
I inch to the foot, dimension '' B " always applying to 
the deep end of key-way. 

DODGE STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR STRAIGHT KEY-SEATS 
IN THE HUBS OF PULLEYS, SHEAVES, GEARS AND 
SPROCKET WHEELS. To be Fitted to Friction Clutch Sleeves or Quills. 



Bore of Hub 


Key-seat 


Bore of Hub 


Key-seat 


Bore of Hub 


Key-seat 




A 

V2 


B 

Vs 


A 


B 


A 


B 


IIV16 to 21/4 


7Vi6to 71V16 


2 


^/4 


I6V16 to 171/4 


4V4 


V2 


2^/x6 to 23/4 


Vs 


V16 


8 to 81/4 


2 


'/s 


ITV16 to I8I/4 


4V2 


V2 


2i3/:6 to 31/4 


V4 


V16 


8Vi6to 91/4 


2^4 


Vs 


I8V16 to 191/4 


4V4 


V2 


3 V16 to 33/4 


Vs 


V4 


9Vi6 to 101/4 


21/2 


Vs 


19Vi6 to 201/4 


5 


V2 


31V16 to 41/4 


1 


V4 


lO^Ae to 111/4 


2V4 


Vs 


2OV16 to 211/4 


51/4 


V2 


4Vi6 to 43/4 


iVs 


V4 


IIV16 to 121/4 


3 


Vs 


2IV16 to 2274 


5V2 


V2 


41V16 to 51/4 


1V4 


V4 


I2V16 to 131/4 


31/4 


Vs 


22V16 to 231/4 


5V4 


V2 


5 V16 to 0V4 


IVs 


V4 


13Vi6 to 141/4 


31/2 


Vs 


23Vi6 to 241/4 


6 


V2 


51V16 to 6V4 


1V2 


V4 


14Vi6 to 151/4 


3V4 


Vs 








6 V16 to 71/4 


1V4 


V4 


15Vi6 to I6V4 


4 


^/s 









When pulleys, sheaves, etc., have bores in excess of table 
at bottom of preceding page, they will then be key-seated 
in accordance with the dimensions given above. 




132 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



o 



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1125 
1365 


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NO CO 
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CM •* 
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1-H 


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1-1 CN 


CO CM 
1— t 


10 <^1 
1-1 CS CO 


ON 

•*t^O\ 


CO CO 

CO r-~ CM 

1-1 1-1 CM 


to i^ 

t^ CO -H 

CM CO rj< 


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CO -^ NO 


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Diam. 

of 
Shaft 


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c-\ ^ 
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t^cC'oo 



GAGES — SHEET 



133 



STANDARD GAGE FOR SHEET AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL 
From Circular No. 18, Bureau of Standards 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That for the purpose of securing 
tmiformity, the following is established as the only standard gage for sheet 
and plate iron and steel in the United States of America, namely: 



Ifumber of 
gage 


Approximate 

thickness in 

fractions of 

uxlnch 


Approximate 

tliiclmess in 

decimal parts 

of an inch 


Approximate 
thlclcness in 
mlllimeters 


Weight 

per 
square 
foot in 
ounces 
avoirdu- 
pois 


Weight 

per 
square 
foot in 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois 


Weight per 
square 
foot in 

klloframa 


Weight per 

square 
meter in 
kilograms 


Weight 

per 
square 
meter in 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois 


0000000 


1-2 


.5 


12.7 


320 


20.00 


9.072 


97.65 


215.28 


000000 


15-32 


.46875 


11.90625 


300 


18.75 


8.505 


91.55 


201.82 


00000 


7-16 


.437S 


11.1125 


280 


17.50 


7.983 


85.44 


188.37 


0000 


13-32 


.40625 


10.31875 


260 


16.25 


7.371 


79.33 


174.91 


000 


3-8 


.375 


9.525 


240 


15 


6.804 


73.24 


161.46 


00 


11-32 


.34375 


8.73125 


220 


13.75 


6.237 


67.13 


148.00 





5-16 


.3125 


7.9375 


200 


12.50 


5.67 


61.03 


134.55 


1 


9-32 


.28125 


7.14375 


180 


11.25 


5.103 


54.93 


121.09 


2 


17-64 


.265625 


6.746875 


170 


10.625 


4.819 


51.88 


114.37 


3 


1-4 


.25 


6.35 


160 


10 


4.536 


48.82 


107.64 


4 


15-64 


.234375 


5.953125 


150 


9.375 


4.252 


45.77 


100.91 


5 


7-32 


.21875 


5.55625 


140 


8.75 


3.969 


42.72 


94.18 


6 


13-64 


.203125 


5.159375 


130 


8.125 


3.685 


39.67 


87.45 


7 


3-16 


.1875 


4.7625 


120 


7.5 


3.402 


36.62 


80.72 


8 


11-64 


.171875 


4.365625 


110 


6.875 


3.118 


33.57 


74.00 


9 


5-32 


.15625 


3.96875 


100 


6.25 


2.835 


30.52 


67.27 


10 


9-64 


.140625 


3.571875 


90 


5.625 


2.552 


27.46 


60.5$ 


11 


1-8 


.125 


3.175 


'80 


5 


2.268 


24.41 


53.82 


12 


1-M 


.109375 


2.778125 


70 


4.375 


1.984 


21.36 


47.09 


13 


5-32 


.09375 


2.38125 


60 


3.75 


1.701 


18.31 


40.36 


14 


5-64 


.078125 


1.984375 


50 


3.125 


1.417 


15.26 


33.64 


15 


9-128 


.0703125 


1.7859375 


45 


2.8125 


1.276 


13.73 


30.27 


Id 


1-16 


.0625 


1.5875 


40 


2.5 


1.134 


12.21 


26.91 


17 


9-160 


.05625 


1.42875 


36 


2.25 


1.021 


10.99 


24.22 


18 


1-20 


.05 


1.27 


32 


2 


.9072 


■ 9.765 


21.5a 



98333°— IX 



134 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



STANDARD GAGE FOR SHEET AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL 

{Continued) 



Hnmber of 
cage 


Approximate 

ti^cknees in 

fractions of 

as inch 


Approximate 

thickness in 

decimal parts 

of an inch 


ApproTJmate 
thickness in 
millimeters 


Weight 
per 

square 
foot in 
ounces 
avoirdu- 
pois 


Weight 

per 
square 
foot in 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois 


Weight per 
square 
foot in 

kilograms 


Weight per 

square 

meter in 

kilograms 


Weight 

per 
square 
meter in 
pounds 
avoirdu- 
pois 


19 


7-160 


.04375 


1.11125 


28 


1.75. 


.7988 


8.544 


18.84 


20 


3-80 


.0375 


.9525 


24 


1.50 


.6804 


7.324 


16.15 


21 


11-320 


.034375 


.873125 


22 


1.375 


.6237 


6.713 


14.80 


22 


1-32 


.03125 


.793750 


20 


1.25 


.567 


6.103 


13.46 


23 


9-320 


.028125 


.714375 


18 


1.125 


.5103 


5.493 


12.11 


24 


1-40 


.025 


.635 


16 


1 


.4536 


4.882 


10.76 


25 


7-320 


.021875 


.555625 


14 


.875 


.3969 


4.272 


9.42 


^6 


3-160 


.01875 


.47625 


12 


.75 


.3402 


3.662 


8.07 


27 


11-^40 


.0171875 


.4365625 


11 


.6875 


.3119 


3.357 


7.40 


28 


1-64 


.015625 


.396875 


10 


.625 


.2835 


3.052 


6.73 


29 


9-640 


.0140625 


.3571875 


9 


.5625 


.2551 


2.746 


6.05 


30 


1-80 


.0125 


.3175 


8 


.5 


.2268 


2.441 


5.38 


31 


7-640 


.0109375 


.2778125 


7 


.4375 


.1984 


2.136 


4.71 


32 


13-1280 


.01015625 


.25796875 


6§ 


.40625 


.1843 


1.983 


4.37 


33 


3-320 


.009375 


.238125 


6 


.375 


.1701 


1.831 


4.04 


34 


11-1280 


.00859375 


.21823125 


5i 


.34375 


.1559 


1.678 


3.70 


35 


5-640 


.0078125 


.1984375 


5 


.3125 


.1417 


1.526 


3.36 


36 


9-1280 


.00703125 


.17859375 


^ 


.28125 


.1276 


1.373 


3.03 


37 


17-2560 


.006540625 


.168571875 


4i 


.265625 


.1205 


1.297 


2.87. 


38 


1-160 


.00625 


.15875 


4 


.25 


.1134 


1.-221 


2.69 



And on and after July first, eighteen himdred and ninety-three, the 
same and no other shall be used in determining duties and taxes levied by 
the United States of America on sheet and plate iron and steel. But this 
act shall not be construed to increase duties upon any articles which may be 
imported. 

Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and-reqmred 
to prepare suitable standards in accordance herewith. 

Sec. 3. That in the practical use and application of the standard gage 
hereby established a variation of two and one-half per cent either way may 
be allowed. 

Approved, March 3, 1893. 



GAGES — WIRE 



135 



Different Standards for Wire Gauge in Use in 
the United States 





Dimensions of Sizes in Decimal Parts of an 


Inch 












Wash- 






. 




Bir- 
raing- 
ham, ■ 
Wire 
Gauge 






burn & 








Number of 


U. S. Stand. 


American 

or Brown & 

Sharpe 


Moen 
Mfg. 


Im- 
perial 


Stubs' 


Number of 


Wire Gaugfe 


for Plate 


Co. 
Wor- 
cester, 


Wire 
Gauge 


. Wire 


Wire Gauge. 










Mass. 








000000 




.46875 




.... 


.464 


• . . . 


000000 


00000 




.4375 






.432 




00000 


0000 


.454 


.40625 


.*46 


.3938 


.400 




0000 


000 


.425 


.375 


.40964 


.3625 


.372 




000 


00 


.38 


.34375 


.3648 


.3310 


.348 




00 





.34 


.3125 


.32486 


.3065 


.324 







1 


.3 


.28125 


.2893 


-.2830 


.300 


.'227 


1 


-2 


.284 


.265625 


.25763 


.2625 


.276 


.219 


2 


3 


.259 


.25 


.22942 


.2437 


.252 


.212 


3 


4 


.238 


.234375 


.20431 


.2253 


.232 


.207 


4 


5 


.22 


.21875 


.18194 


.2070 


.212 


.204 


5 


6 


.203 


.203125 


.16202 


.1920 


.192 


.201 


6 


7 


.18 


-1875 


.14428 


.1770 


.176 


.199 


7 


8 


.165 


.171875 


.12849 


.1620 


.160 


.197 


8 


9 


.148 


.15625 


.11443 


.1483 


.144 


.194 


9 


la 


.134 


.140625 


.10189 


.1350 


.128 


.191 


10 


11 


.12 


.125 


.090742 


.1205 


.116 


.188 


11 


12 


.109 


.109375 


.080808 


.1055 


.104 


.185 


12 


13 


.095 


.09375 


.071961 


.0915 


.092 


.182 


13 


14 


.083 


.078125 


.064084 


.0800 


.080 


.180 


14 


15 


.072 


.0703125 


.057068 


.0720 


.072 


.178 


15 


16 


.065 


.0625 


.05082 


.0625 


.064 


.175 


16 


17 


.058 


.05625 


.045257 


.0540 


.056 


.172 


17 


18 


.049 


.05 


.040303 


.0475 


.048 


.168 


18 


19 


.042 


.04375 


.03589 


.0410 


.040 


.164 


19 


20 


.035 


.0375 


.031961 


.0348 


.036 


.161 


20 


21 


.032 


.034375 


.028462 


.03175 


.032 


.157 


21 


22 


.028- 


.03125 


.025347 


.0286 


.028 


.155 


22 


23 


.025 


.028125 


.022571 


.0258 


.024 


.153 


23 


24 


.022 


.025 


.0201 


.0230 


.022 


.151 


24 


25 


.02 . 


.021875 


.0179 


.0204 


.020 


.148 


25 


26 


.018 


.01875 


.01594 


.0181 


.018 


.146 


26 


27 


.016 


.0171875 


.014195 


.0173 


.0164 


.143 


27 


28 


.014 


.015625 


.012641 


.0162 


.0149 


.139 


28 


29 


.013 


.0140625 


.011257 


.0150 


.0136 


.134 


29 


30 


.012 


.0125 


.010025 


.0140 


.0124 


.127 


30 


31 


.01 


.0109375 


.008928 


.0132 


.0116 


.120 


31 


32 


.009 


.01015625 


.00795 


.0128 


.0108 


.115 


32 


33 


.008 


.009375 


.00708 


.0118 


.0100 


.112 


33 


34 


.007 


.00859375 


.006304 


.0104 


.0092 


.110 


34 


35 


.005 


.0078125 


.005614 


.0095 


.0084 


.108 


35- 


36 


.004 


.00703125 


.005 


.0090 


.0076 


.106 


36 


37 




.006640625 


.004453 




.0068 


.103 


37 


38 




.00625 


003965 


.... 


.0060 


.101 


38 


39 






.003531 


.... 


.0052 


.099 


39 


40 






.003144 




0048 


097 


40 



136 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



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METRIC CONVERSION 



137 



METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS 
AND MEASURES 



countries except 
In use in Mexico 



In use in all European 
Great Britain and Russia, 
and South America. 

The Meter, unit of length, is nearly the 
ten-millionth part of a quadrant of a meri- 
dian, of the distance between equator and 
pole. The International Standard Meter is, 
practically, nothing else but a length defined 
by the distance between two lines on a plati- 
nimi-iridium bar at 0° Centigrade, deposited 
at the International Bureau of Weights and 
Measures, Paris, France. 

The Liter, luiit of capacity, is derived from 
the weight of one kilogram pure water at 
greatest density, a cube whose edge is one- 
tenth of a meter, and, therefore, the one- 
thousandth part of a metric ton. 

The Gram, unit of weight, is a cube of pure 
water at greatest density, whose edge is one- 
hundredth of a meter, and, therefore, the 
one-thousandth part of a kilogram and the 
one-millionth part of a metric ton. 

One silver dollar weighs 25 grams, 1 dime = 
2| grams, 1 five-cent nickel = 5 grams. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM SIMPLIFIED 

The following tables of the metric system 
of weights and measures have been simplified 
as much as possible by Mr. John Wilkes, of 
Nashville, Tenn., by omitting such denomina- 
tions as are not in practical, everyday use in 
the countries where the system is used ex- 
clusively. 

TABLES OF THE SYSTEM 

Length. — The denominations in practical 
use are millimeters (mm.), centimeters (cm.), 
meters (m.), and kilometers (km.). 

10 mm. = 1 cm. ; 100 cm. = 1 m. ; 1000 m. = 
1km. 

A decimeter is 10 cm. 

Weight. — The denominations in use are 
grams (g.), kilos* (kg.), and tons (metric 
tons) . 

1000 g. = 1 kg. ; 1000 kg. = 1 metric ton. 

Capacity. — The denominations in use are 
cubic centimeters (cc), and liters (1.). 

1000 cc. = 11. 

A hectoliter is 100 1. (seldom used). 

Relation of capacity and weight to length: 
A cubic decimeter is a liter, and a liter of 
water weighs a kilo. 

* Contraction for kilogram. 



138 



DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

Tkoy Weight 

24 Grains = 1 Pennyw^eight 12 Ounces = 1 Pound 

20 Pwts. = 1 Ounce 

Used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels. 



Apothecaries' Weight 

20 Grains = 1 Scruple 8 Drams = 1 Ounce 

3 Scruples = 1 Dram 12 Ounces = 1 Pound 

The ounce and pound in this are the same as in Troy weight. 



Avoirdupois Weight 



27H Grains = 1 Dram 
16 Drams = 1 Ounce 
16 Ounces = 1 Pound 
28 Pounds = 1 Quarter 



4 Quarters = 1 Hundredweight (cwt.) 

20 Cwt. = 1 Long Ton 

2240 Pounds = 1 Long Ton 

2000 Pounds = 1 Short Ton 



Pints = 1 Quart 
Ouarts = 1 Peck 



Dry Measure 



4 Pecks = 1 Bushel 
36 Bushels = 1 Chaldron 



4 Gills = 1 Pint 
2 Pints = 1 Quart 
4 Quarts = 1 Gallon 



Liquid Measure 



231 

31i 
2 

63 
252 



Cu. In. 

Gallons 
Barrels 
Gallons 
Gallons 



1 Gallon 

1 Barrel 

1 Hogshead (App.) 

1 Hogshead 

1 Tun 



12 Inches = 1 Foot 
3 Feet = 1 Yard 
5i Yards = 1 Rod 



Long Measure 
40 



Rods = 1 Furlong 
Furlongs = 1 INIile 
IMiles = 1 League 



Square ISIeasure 

144 Sq. Inches = 1 Sq. Foot 160 Sq. Rods = 1 Acre 

9 Sq. Ft. = 1 Sq. Yard 640 Acres = 1 Sq. MUe 

30i Sq. Yds. =lSq. Rod 43,560 Sq. Ft. = 1 Acre 



Cubic Measure 



1728 Cubic In. = 1 Cu. Ft. 
27 Cubic Ft. = 1 Cu. Yd. 
128 Cubic Ft. = 1 Cord 
2150.42 Cubic In. = 1 U. S. Bushel 



40 Cu. Ft. = 1 Ton (U. S. shipping) 

44 Cu. Ft. = 1 Ton Anth. Coal 

47 Cu. Ft. = 1 Ton Bitu. Coal 

50 Cu. Ft. = 1 Ton Ashes 



DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS 



139 





1 inch = 


= 25.4001 m/m. 






1 m 


/m. = 


.03937 inches 






Inches 


m/m. 




Inches 


m/m. 




Inches 


m/m. 


fiV 


.015625 


.40 


25 
6 + 


.390625 


9.92 


49 
64 


.765625 


19.45 


yV 


.031250 


.79 


1 H 
"32 


.40625 


10.32 


2 5 

3 2 


.78125 


19.84 


6\ 


.046875 


1.19 


2 7 
64 


.421875 


10.72 


51 
64 


.796875 


20.24 


tV 


.06250 


1.59 


7 
16 


.43750 


11.11 


1 3 

16 


.8125 


20.64 


6T 


.078125 


1.98 


29 


.453125 


11.51 


=13 
64 


.828125 


21.03 


r% 


.093750 


2.38 


^t 


.468750 


11.91 


2 7 
32 


.84375 


21.43 


i\ 


.109375 


2.78 


64 


.484375 


12.30 


n 


.859375 


21.83 


i 


.125 


3.17 


1 
2 


.50 


12.70 


7 
8 


.875 


22.22 


9 
6¥ 


.140625 


3.57 


3 3 

64 


.515625 


13.10 


57 
64 


.890625 


22.62 


A 


.156250 


3.97 


1 7 
32 


.53125 


13.49 


29 
32 


.90625 


23.02 


11 
6 4 


.171875 


4.37 


35 
64 


.546875 


13.89 


59 
64 


.921875 


23.42 


T^ 


.18750 


4.76 


T% 


.5625 


14.29 


15 
16 


.9375 


23.81 


H 


.203125 


5.16 


ft 


.578125 


14.68 


61 
64 


.953125 


24.21 


tV 


.218750 


5.56 


*f 


.59375 


15.08 


3 1 
"32 


.96875 


24.61 


15 


.234375 


5.95 


If 


.609375 


15.48 


If 


.984375 


25.00 


1 

4 


.25 


6.35 


5 
8 


.625 


15.87 


1 


1.0000 


25.40 


17 


.265625 


6.75 


6¥ 


.640625 


16.27 








9 
■32 


.281250 


7.14 


21 
32 


.65625 


16.67 








19 

"64 


.296875 


7.54 


4-3 
6"¥ 


.671875 


17.07 








5 


.31250 


7.94 


11 

16 


.6875 


17.46 








u 


.328125 


8.33 


45 
64 


.703125 


17.86 








11 

3 2 


.343750 


8.73 


23 
32 


.71875 


18.26 








23 

■6¥ 


.359375 


9.13 


47 
64 


.734375 


18.65 








3 

8 


.375 


9.52 


3 

4 


.75 


19.05 









AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES 



Diam. 


Area 


Circum. 


Diam. 


Area 


Circum. 


Diam. 


Area 


Circum. 


1 

6? 


.000192 


04909 


M 


.032405 


.63814 


2 5 

64 


.119843 


1.22719 


s\ 


.000767 


.09818 


3^2 


.037583 


.68722 


13 
32 


.129622 


1.27627 


^'^ 


.001726 


.14726 


15 
64 


.043143 


.73631 


27 
64 


.139784 


1.32536 


tV 


.003068 


.19635 


1 
4 


.049087 


.78540 


tV 


.150330 


1.37445 


6\ 


.004794 


.24544 


17 
64 


.055415 


.83449 


29 

64 


.161260 


1.42354 


/^ 


.006903 


.29452 


9 
"3 2 


.032126 


.88357 


M 


.172573 


1.47262 


e'^ 


.009396 


.34361 


19 
64 


.069221 


.93266 


U 


.184270 


1.52171 


i 


.012272 


.39270 


5 
16 


.076699 


.98175 


1 
2 


.196350 


1.57080 


^\ 


.015532 


.44179 


21 
"64 


„084561 


1.03084 


33 

64 


.208814 


1.61989 


A 


.019175 


.49087 


M 


.092806 


1.07992 


il 


.221661 


1.66897 


U 


.023202 


.53096 


II 


.101435 


1.12901 


3 5 
6¥ 


.234891 


1.71806 


t\ 


.027612 


.58905 


3 

8 


.110447 


1.17810 


9 
1 6 


.248505 


1.76715 



140 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Areas and Circumferences of Circles {Continued) 



Diam. 


Area 


Circiim. 


Diam 


Area 


Circum. 


Diam. Area 


Circiim. 


37 

6 4 


.26250 


1.8160 


ItV 


1.62295 


4.5160 


31 


11.79327 


12.1737 


19 
32 


.27688 


1.8653 


HI 


1.69427 


4.6142 


4 


12.56640 


12.5664 


39 
6¥ 


.29165 


1.9144 


H 


1.76715 


4.7124 


^ 


13.36407 


12.9591 


5 

8 


.30679 


1.9635 


HI 


1.84155 


4.8105 


4J 


14.18629 


13.3518 


li 


.32233 


2.0125 


lr\ 


1.91748 


4.9087 


4f 


15.03305 


13.7445 


¥z 


.33824 


2.0616 


119 

■■-32 


1.99495 


5.0069 


4| 


15.90435 


14.1372 


II 


.35454 


2.1107 


1^ 
J^8 


2.07395 


5.1051 


4f 


16.80019 


14.5299 


11 

16 


.37122 


2.1598 


12 1 
■•■32 


2.15448 


5.2032 


4f 


17.72059 


14.9226 


-II 


.38829 


2.2089 


Hi 


2.23655 


5.3014 


4| 


18.66552 


15.3153 


II 


.40574 


2.2580 


123 

■•■32 


2.32015 


5.3996 


5 


19.635 


15.7080 


11 


.42357 


2.3071 


■■■4 


2.40529 


5.4978 


51 


20.62902 


16.1007 


3 

4 


.44179 


2.3562 


125 


2.49196 


5.5959 


51 


21.64759 


16.4934 


49 

64 


.46039 


2.4052 


HI 


2.58016 


5.6941 


51 


22.69069 


16.8861 


II 


.47937 


2.4543 


1 2'7 
■•^32 


2.66990 


5.7923 


51 


23.75835 


17.2788 


51 

"6¥ 


.49874 


2.5034 


H 


2.76117 


5.8905 


5f 


24.85055 


17.6715 


13 

16 


.51849 


2.5525 


129 
■•■■32 


2.85398 


5.9886 


5f 


25.96729 


18.0642 


53 
64 


.53862 


2.6016 


115 

-Lie 


2.94832 


6.0868 


5| 


27.10857 


18.4569 


II 


.55914 


2.6507 


13 1 
■•-32 


3.04419 


6.1850 


6 


28.27440 


18.8496 


M 


.58004 


2.6998 


2 


3.14161 


6.2832 


6i 


29.46477 


19.2423 


1 


.60132 


2.7488 


2x6 


3.34102 


6.4795 


6i 


30.67969 


19.6350 


H 


.62299 


2.7979 


2i 


3.54657 


6.6759 


61 


31.91915 


20.0277 


29 
32^ 


.64504 


2.8470 


2A 


3.75826 


6.8722 


61 


33.18315 


20.4204 


II 


.66747 


2.8961 


2i 


3.97609 


7.0686 


6f 


34.47169 


20.8131 


if 


.69029 


2.9452 


2tV 


4.20005 


7.2649 


6f 


35.78479 


21.2058 


61 
6¥ 


.71349 


2.9943 


93 


4.43015 


7.4613 


61 


37.12242 


21.5984 


31 
■32 


.73708 


3.0434 


2t6- 


4.66638 


7.6576 


7 


38.48460 


21.991 


63 
64 


.76105 


3.0925 


2i 


4.90875 


7.8540 


71 


39.87132 


22.384 


1 


.7854 


3.1416 


2^ 


5.15725 


8.0503 


n 


41.28259 


22.776 


I3V 


.83525 


3.2397 


21 


5.41189 


8.2467 


7f 


42.71839 


23.169 


ItV 


.88664 


3.3379 


m 


5.67267 


8.4430 


n 


44.17875 


23.562 


13^2 


.93056 


3.4361 


2f 


5.93959 


8.6394 


7f 


45.66364 


23.954 


n 


.99402 


3.5429 


913 


6.21264 


8.8357 


7f 


47.17309 


24.347 


1/2 


1.05001 


3.6324 


21 


6.49182 


9.0321 


71 


48.70707 


24.740 


1t\ 


1.10754 


3.7306 


211 


6.77714 


9.2284 


8 


50.26560 


25.132 


I3V 


1.16659 


3.8288 


3 


7.06860 


9.4248 


81 


51.84869 


25.525 


u 


1.22719 


3.9270 


31 


7.66992 


9.8175 


8i 


53.45629 


25.918 


1/2 


1.28931 


4.0251 


3i 


8.29579 


10.2102 


81 


55.08845 


26.311 


lA 


1.35297 


4.1233 


31 


8.94619 


10.6029 


81 


56.74515 


26.703 


IM 


1.41817 


4.2215 


31 


9.62115 


10.9956 


81 


58.42637 


27.096 


If 


1.48489 


4.3197 


31 


10.32065 


11.3883 


81 


60.13218 


27.489 


HI 


1.55316 


4.4178 


3f 


11.04469 


11.7810 


81 


61.86252 


27.881 



AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES 141 

Areas and Circumferences of Circles' {Continued) 



Diam 


Area 


Circum. 


Diam 


Area 


Circum. 


Diam 


Area 


Circum. 


9 


63.61740 


28.274 


14 


153.9384 


43.982 


19 


283.5294 


59.690 


91 


65.39682 


28.667 


14i 


156.69957 


44.375 


191 


287.27232 


60.083 


9i 


67.20078 


29.059 


14i 


159.48528 


44.767 


19i 


291.03979 


60.475 


91 


69.02929 


29.452 


14f 


162.29554 


45.160 


19f 


294.83179 


60.868 


91 


70.88235 


29.845 


14i 


165.13035 


45.553 


19^ 


298.64835 


61.261 


9f 


72.75994 


30.237 


141 


167.98969 


45.945 


191 


302.48945 


61.653 


9f 


74.66208 


30.630 


14f 


170.87358 


46.338 


191 


306.35509 


62.046 


91 


76.58877 


31.023 


141 


173.78202 


46.731 


191 


310.24527 


62.439 


10 


78.54 


31.416 


15 


176.715 


47.124 


20 


314.159 


62.832 


101 


80.51577 


31.808 


151 


179.67252 


47.516 


201 


318.09927 


63.224 


lOi 


82.51608 


32.201 


15i 


182.65458 


47.909 


20i 


322.06309 


63.617 


lOf 


84.54094 


32.594 


151 


185.66119 


48.302 


201 


326.05145 


64.010 


10^ 


86.59035 


32.986 


15i 


188.69235 


48.694 


20i 


330.06435 


64.402 


lot 


88.66429 


33.379 


151 


191.74804 


49.087 


201 


334.10179 


64.795 


101 


90.76278 


33.772 


151 


194.82828 


49.480 


201 


338.16379 


65.188 


101 


92.88582 


34.164 


151 


197.93307 


49.872 


201 


342.25032 


65.580 


11 


95.03340 


34.557 


16 


201.0624 


50.265 


21 


346.3614 


65.973 


111 


97.20552 


34.950 


16i 


204.21627 


50.658 


21i 


350.49702 


66.366 


Hi 


99.40218 


35.343 


16i 


207.39468 


51.051 


2U 


354.65719 


66.759 


lit 


101.62339 


35.735 


16f 


210.59764 


51.443 


21f 


358.84189 


67.151 


m 


103.86915 


36.128 


16i 


213.82515 


51.836 


21i 


363.05115 


67.544 


111 


108.13944 


36.521 


161 


217.07719 


52.229 


21f 


367.28495 


67.937 


111 


108.43428 


36.913 


16f 


220.35378 


52.621 


21f 


371.54329 


68.329 


111 


110.75367 


37.306 


161 


223.65492 


53.014 


211 


375.82617 


68.722 


12 


113.0976 


37.699 


17 


226.9806 


53.407 


22 


380.1336 


69.115 


12i 


115.46607 


38.091 


171 


230.33082 


53.799 


22i 


384.46557 


69.507 


12i 


117.85908 


38.484 


17i 


233.70558 


54.192 


22i 


388.82209 


69.900 


121 


120.27664 


38.877 


17f 


237.10489 


54.585 


22f 


393.20315 


70.293 


12§ 


122.71875 


39.270 


171 


240.52875 


54.978 


221 


397.60875 


70.685 


12f 


125.18539 


39.662 


17f 


243.97714 


55.370 


221 


402.03889 


71.078 


12f 


127.67658 


40.055 


17! 


247.45008 


55.763 


22f 


406.49359 


71.471 


121 


130.19232 


40.448 


171 


250.94757 


56.156 


22| 


410.97282 


71.864 


13 


132.7326 


40.840 


18 


254.4696 


56.548 


23 


415.4766 


72.256 


131 


135.29742 


41.233 


18i 


258.01617 


56.941 


231 


420.00492 


72.649 


13i 


137.88678 


41.626 


18i 


261.58728 


57.334 


23i 


424.55779 


73.042 


131 


140.50069 


42.019 


181 


265.18294 


57.726 


231 


429.13519 


73.434 


13J 


143.13915 


42.411 


m 


268.80315 


58.119 


231 


433.73715 


73.827 


131 


145.80214 


42.804 


18f 


272.44789 


58.512 


23f 


438.36365 


74.220 


131 


148.48968 


43.197 


18f 


276.11718 


58.905 


23f 


443.01469 


74.613 


131 


151.20177 


43.589 


181 


279.81102 


59.297 


231 


447.69027 


75.005 



142 DRAFTING ROOM METHODS 

Areas and Circumferences of Circles {Continued) 



Diam 


Area 


Circum. 


Diam. Area 


Circum. 


Diam, Area 


Circum. 


24 


452.3904 


75.398 


32 


804.2496 


100.531 


42 


1385.4456 


131.947 


24i 


457.11507 


75.791 


32i 


816.8650 


101.316 


42i 


1401.9881 


132.732 


24i 


461.86428 


76.183 


321 


829.5787 


102.102 


421 


1418.6287 


133.518 


241 


466.63804 


76.576 


32f 


842.3905 


102.887 


42f 


1435.3676 


134.303 


2^ 


471.43635 


76.969 


33 


855.3006 


103.673 


43 


1452.2046 


135.088 • 


24f 


476.25919 


77.361 


33i 


868.3087 


104.458 


431 


1469.1398 


135.874 


24| 


481.10658 


77.754 


331 


881.4151 


105.243 


431 


1486.1731 


136.659 


24| 


485.97852 


78.147 


33f 


894.6196 


106.029 


43f 


1503.3047 


137.445 


25 


490.8750 


78.540 


34 


907.9224 


106.814 


44 


1520.5344 


138.230 


25i 


495.79602 


78.932 


341 


921.3232 


107.599 


44i 


1537.8623 


139.015 


25i 


500.74158 


79.325 


34i 


934.8223 


108.385 


441 


1555.2883 


139.801 


251 


505.71169 


79.718 


34f 


948.4196 


109.170 


44f 


1572.8126 


140.586 


25^ 


510.70635 


80.110 


35 


962.1150 


109.956 


45 


1590.435 


141.373 


251 


515.72554 


80.503 


35i 


975.9086 


110.741 


451 


1608.1556 


142.157 


25f 


520.76928 


80.896 


351 


989.8003 


111.527 


451 


1625.9743 


142.942 


251 


525.83757 


81.288 


35| 


1003.7903 


112.312 


45f 


1643.8913 


143.728 


26 


530.9304 


81.681 


36 


1017.8784 


113.097 


46 


1661.9064 


144.513 


26i 


541.18968 


82.467 


36i 


1032.0647 


113.883 


461 


1680.0197 


145.299 


26i 


551.54715 


83.252 


36i 


1046.3491 


114.668 


461 


1698.2311 


146.084 


261 


562.00278 


84.037 


36f 


1060.7318 


115.453 


46| 


1716.5408 


146.869 


27 


572.5566 


84.823 


37 


1075.2126 


116.239 


47 


1734.9486 


147.655 


27i 


583.20858 


85.608 


37i 


1089.7916 


117.024 


471 


1753.4546 


148.440 


27i 


593.95875 


86.394 


37i 


1104.4687 


117.810 


47J 


1772.0587 


149.226 


27f 


604.80708 


87.179 


371 


1119.2441 


118.595 


47| 


1790.7611 


150.011 


28 


615.7536 


87.964 


38 


1134.1176 


119.381 


48 


1809.5616 


150.796 


28i 


626.79828 


88.750 


38i 


1149.0893 


120.166 


481 


1828.4603 


151.582 


28i 


637.94115 


89.535 


38i 


1164.1591 


120.951 


m 


J847.4571 


152.367 


28f 


649.18218 


90.321 


38f 


1179.3272 


121.737 


481 


1866.5522 


153.153 


29 


660.5214 


91.106 1 


39 


1194.5934 


122.522 


49 


1885.7454 


153.938 


29i 


671.95878 


91.891 


39i 


1209.9577 


123.308 


491 


1905.0368 


154.723 


291 


683.49435 


92.677 


39i 


1225.4203 


124.093 


49* 


1924.4263 


155.509 


29f 


695.12808 


93.462 


391 


1240.9811 


124.878 


49 i 


1943.9141 


156.294 


30 


706.8600 


94.248 


40 


1256.64 


125.664 


50 


1963.50 


157.080 


30i 


718.69008 


95.033 


40i 


1272.3971 


126.449 


501 


1983.1841 


157.865 


30i 


730.61835 


95.818 


401 


1288.2523 


127.235 


501 


2002.9663 


158.650 


30| 


742.64478 


96.604 


40f 


1304.2058 


128.020 


501 


2022.8468 


159.436 


31 


754.7694 


97.389 


41 


1320.2574 


128.805 


51 


2042.8254 


160.221 


311 


766.99218 


98.175 


4U 


1336.4072 


129.591 


51i 


2062.9022 


161.007 


3U 


779.31315 


98.960 


4H 


1352.6551 


130.376 


51| 


2083.0771 


161.792 


311 


791.73228 


99.745 


41| 


1369.0013 


131.161 


51i 


2103.3503 


162.577 



ENGINEERING AND REFERENCE BOOKS 

Aeronautical. The Flying Machine from an Engineering 

Standpoint. Lanchester $3.00 

Air — Compressed. Mechanics of Air Machinery. Weis- 

bach 3.75 

Architecture. Architects' and Builders' Pocketbook. 

Kidder 5.00 

Automobile Engineering. The Modern Gasolene Auto- 
mobile. Page 3.00 

Chemical. Manual of Industrial Chemistry. Rogers 5.00 

Chemical Data. Chemical Annual for 1918. Olsen 3.00 

Boilers — Marine. U. S. Rules and Regulations. Dept. 

of Commerce 
Boilers — Marine. Report of Boiler Code Committee. 

Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 

Civil Engineering. Handbook. Frye 5.00 

" " Handbook. Merriman 5.00 

" " Handbook. Trautwine 5.00 

Electrical Engineering. Handbook. Foster 5.00 

Fans. Fan Engineering. Buffalo Forge Co. 

Foundry. General Foundry Practice. Roxburgh 2.00 

Gas and Gasolene Engines. Internal Combustion Engines. 

Carpenter and Diederichs 5.00 

Gearing. Treatise on Gears. Grant 1.00 

Hydraulics. Hydraulic Power Engineering. Marks 3.50 

Machine Design. Elements of Machine Design. Kimball 

and Barr 3.00 

Marine Engineering. The Naval Constructor. Simpson.. 5.00 

Mechanical Engineering. Handbook. Kent... 5.00 

" " Handbook. Marks 5.00 

Mining Engineering. Mining Engineers' Handbook. Peele 5.00 
Molding and Patternmaking. Modern Molding and Pat- 

ternmaking. Mullin 2.50 



Pipe. Pipe Standards. National Tube Co. 

Piping. A Handbook of. Svenson 4.00 

Pipe and Fittings. Catalogue No. 50. Crane Co. 
Pipe — Lead. Sizes and Information. Nat'l Lead Co. 
Pipe — Lead. Sizes and Information. United Lead Co. 

Power Plants. Steam Power Plants. Gebhart 4.00 

Pumps — Centrifugal. Their Design and Construction. 

Loewenstein and Crissey 4.50 

Railroad Engineering. Railway Maintenance Engineering. 

Sellew 2.50 

Railroad Engineering. Elements of. Ila3^mond 3.25 

Railway Locomotive. The Railway Locomotive. Pendred 2.00 
Railway Clearances. Railway Line Clearances. The R'y 

Equip. & Pub. Co. 
Refrigeration. Refrigeration, Cold Storage and Ice Making. 

WaUis-Tayler 5.50 

Safety Engineering. Practical Safety Methods and Devices. 

Cowee 3.00 

Safety Standards. Universal Safety Standards. Hansen. 3.00 

" " Field Book. Marjdand Casualty Co. 

Sanitation. Modern Sanitary Engineering. Thompson.. 3.00 

Slide Rule. The SUde Rule. Pickworth LOO 

Steel. A Manual for Users. Metcalf 2.00 

" Handbook and Catalogue. Carnegie Steel Co 2.00 

" Handbook and Catalogue. Cambria Steel Co 1.25 

'^ Handbook and Catalogue. Jones and Laughlin. 

" Handbook and Catalogue. Lukens Iron and Steel Co. 

Tables. Table Book for Engineers. Phmpton 0.50 

" Tables for Engineering Calculations. Powell 3.00 

Turbines. Steam Turbines. Lowenstein 5.00 

Any hook in this list (catalogues excepted) icill he sent prepaid 
on receipt of price. 

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 
25 Park Place NEW YORK 




, are prepared to supply, either from 
their complete stock or at 
short notice. 

Any Technical or 

Scientific Book 

In addition to publishing a very large 
and varied number of Scientific and 
Engineering Books, D. Van Nostrand 
Company have on hand the largest 
assortment in the United States of such 
books issued by American and foreign 
publishers. 



All inquiries are cheerfully and care- 
fully answered and complete catalogs 
sent free on request. 



25 Park Place - ^ - New York 



INDEX 

PAGE 

Abbreviations 44-47 

Administration. 15 

Aeronautical terms 48 

Aeroplane types 60 

Applications 97 

Areas of circles 139-142 

Arrangement of a drafting room • . . . . 9 

Arrangement of a drawing 21-98 

Blueprint frame 10 

Blueprint machines 9 

Blueprints, prices 10 

Boiler tube sizes 123 

Bolt stresses Ill 

Bolt threads 113-114 

Bolts and nuts — sizes 112 

Building records 99 

Calculations 29 

Catalogues 29 

Check prints 29 

Circumferences of circles 139-142 

Compass direction 30 

Copyright for drawings 37 

Cross-sections 61-63 

Decimal equivalents 113-114 

Definitions 64 

Details 34 

Diary 40 

Dimensioning a drawing 21 

Drafting machine 9 

Drafting room 9 

Drawing record book 31-100 

Drawing sizes 96 

Electrical symbols 69 

145 



146 INDEX 

PAGE 

Equipment. Part I 9-15 

Blueprint frame 10 

Blueprint machine 9 

Blueprint prices 10 

Drafting machine 9 

Files , 11 

Ink bottles 11 

Pencil sharpeners 12 

Pencils 12 

Pens, ruling 12 

Scales 13 

Tables 13 

Thumb tacks 14 

Tracing cloth 14 

T squares 14 

Equipment record 99 

Field drawings 30 

Figm-es 22 

Files 11 

Fihng 31 

Fit dimensions SO 

Forms. Part III 95-109 

Applications 97 

Arrangement of a drawing 21 

Building and equipment record 99 

Drawing record book 100 

Index cards 101 

Material hst 102 

Organization chart 104 

Pattern record book 100 

Print record book 100 

Rubber stamp forms 105 

Sizes of forms 96 

Specification 103 

Titles lOG 

Work order 108-109 

Work schedule 107 

Gages, sheet and plate 133-134 

Gages, wire 135 

General directions 18-39 

Index cards 101 

Ink bottles H 



INDEX 147 

PAGE 

Lettering - 22 

Lines 71 

Material list 33-102 

Memoranda 41 

Men 16 

MilKmeter equivalents 136-137-139 

Miscellaneous symbols 62 

Names of parts 26 

Nomenclature of aeronautics 48-59 

Notebook - 40 

Notes on drawings 22 

Old drawings and prints 34 

Orders for drawings 19-108 

Organization 15 

Organization chart . 104 

Output 17 

Parts list 34 

Patent office symbols 72-74 

Pattern record book 35-100 

Patterns 35 

Pencils, sharpeners 12 

Pens, ruling 12 

Pipe and fittings, sizes, flanged 126-129 

Pipe fittings, symbols 83 

Pipe threads, 117-118-119 

Preliminary prints 36 

Print record book 31-100 

Pipe dimensions 120-121-122 

Pipe flange dimensions 124-125 

Quahfications 17 

Record prints 36 

Reference books 143 

Reference drawings . 36 

Revisions ; . 36 

Rivet symbols 84 

Rubber stamp forms 105 

Safety standards — notes 43 

Scales 13-21 

Sections 61-63 



148 , INDEX 

PAGB 

Shading 21 

Signatures on drawings 28 

Sizes of drawings 9g 

Specifications 34-103 

Stamp forms 105 

Standards and Symbols. Part II 44-92 

Abbre\dations 44-47 

Cross-sections, building materials 61-62 

Cross-sections, geological 63 

Cross-sections, miscellaneous 62 

Cross-sections, structural materials 85 

Definitions 64 

Electrical 69 

Lines 71 

Miscellaneous 62 

Patent office symbols 72-74 

Pipe fittings 83 

Rivet symbols 84 

Structural 85 

Threads and tapped holes 86 

Topographical symbols 87-92 

Starting a drawing 20 

Structural symbols 85 

Studs 117 

Tables. Part IV 109 

Areas of circles 139-142 

Boiler tubes 123 

Bolt stresses Ill 

Bolt threads 113-114 

Bolts and nuts 112 

Decimal equivalents 139 

Gages, plate 133-134 

Gages, T\'ire 135 

Key seats 130-131 

MilHmeter equivalents 136-137-139 

Pipe dimensions 120-121-122 

Pipe fittings — flanged 126-129 

Pipe flange dimensions 124-125 

Pipe threads 117-118-119 

Shafting— H.P 132 

Studs 117 

Washers H^ 

Weights and measures 138 

Weights of round, square and hex. steel 116 



INDEX 149 

PAGE 

Tables, drafting 13 

Technical journals 39 

Threads 86 

Title forms 106 

Titles 26 

Topographical symbols 87-92 

Tracing 28 

Tracing sheets . 14 

Transmitting prints 33 

T squares 14 

Void drawings and prints 37 

Washers 115 

Weights of bars 116 

Weights and measures 138 

Work order form 108 

Work order form, reverse side 109 

Work orders 19 

Work schedule 107 



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